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The Musculoskeletal System
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The musculoskeletal system includes _________________________________________
______________________________________________. It supports the body and
protects delicate organs.
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The skeleton consists of three types of connective tissue : _______________________
_______________________________.
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Bone tissue is _____________________________ and consists of
_________________________________________________________________
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Ligaments are _____________________________________________________
made up mostly of ______________________________________
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Cartilage is made up of ______________________________________________
and provides _____________________________________________________.
It is found _______________________________________________________.
The other component of the musculoskeletal system is ____________________. Muscle
tissue consists of ________________________________________, which contain
____________________________. These proteins cause muscles to
____________________________________________________.
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bone by ________________________. The other
muscle types include smooth muscles (generally located in the intestines) and cardiac
muscles in the heart.
Similar to other organ systems, the musculoskeletal system is susceptible to disease.
________________ is a common disease that involves the loss of bone tissue, which makes
bones weak and brittle. It is common among older women. As well, extreme movements
can fracture bones and damage muscles, ligaments, and cartilage.
Some invertebrates have no rigid frame to give them structure, while others have their
skeletal system on the outside (______________________).
The Musculoskeletal System
Skeletal System
Function of the Skeletal System
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Protection
o Protect vital organs in the body (e.g. Skull protects brain, spine protects
cord, ribs protect heart and lungs)
Blood-Cell Production
o Bone marrow in large bones produce blood cells and release them into the
blood stream
o LONG BONES and flat bones (pelvic & ribs)
Mineral Storage
o Bones made up of calcium and phosphorus giving bones strength and
rigidity
Support for your muscles
Movement
Components of the Skeletal System
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The skeleton is composed of 3 types of connective tissue:
o Bone
o Ligaments
o Cartilage
Bone
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The human skeleton is composed of 206 bones
Hard and dense tissue
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Bone is composed of bone cells within a matrix of minerals (calcium,
phosphorus) and collagen fibers
If your diet is not high in minerals, your body will absorb Ca and P from your
bones causing them to weaken
Structure of Bone
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Canals inside the bones contain nerves and blood vessels
Only a small percentage of the bone tissue is actually living
How does it all connect?
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The skeletal system is held together and to other structures by connective tissue.
o Tendons
o Ligaments
o Muscles
o Cartilage
Ligaments
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Are strong tough elastic bands of connective tissue that can stretch
Holds bones and movable joints together
Surround the joint to give support and limit the joint’s movement
Cartilage
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Hard but slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they meet to form
a joint
Made up of cells and collagen fibers and is wear-resistant
Helps reduce the friction of movement by allowing bones to glide over one
another
Absorbs the energy from the shock of physical movement
Found in:
o Ears, nose, esophagus, joints, disks between vertebrae
Joints
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Place in a skeleton where two or more bones meet
Types of Joints
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Immovable Joints
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o Also called sutures
o Where bones are joined tightly allowing for little or no movement (e.g.
Skull)
Movable Joints
o Allow for movement
Tendons
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Another type of tough connective tissue on each side of a joint attach to muscles
that control movement of the joint.
The Muscular System
Muscles
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Bones need muscles to move them
There are about 600 muscles in the human body
Made up of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized
proteins
Muscle Function
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Contraction for locomotion and skeletal movement
Contraction for propulsion
Contraction for pressure regulation
Types of Muscles
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Cardiac muscle
o Makes heart beat
o Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Smooth Muscle
o Controlled automatically
o Found in lining of organs (e.g. stomach, esophagus, uterus, walls of blood
vessels)
Skeletal Muscle
o Attached to bone
o Conscious control
Muscle Attachment
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Muscles usually attached to two bones, one movable, one stationary
Origin
o Place where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone
Insertion
o Place where the muscle is attached to the moving bone
Antagonistic Muscles
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Muscles can pull but cannot push so many muscles arranged in pairs that work
against each other to make joints move
Flexor
o Muscles that contracts to bend a joint
Extensor
o Muscle that contracts to straighten a joint
E.g. Bicep/triceps
Bicep contracts, triceps relaxes bones of elbow joint close together. Therefore
bicep is a flexor
Bicep relaxes, triceps contracts, bones of the elbow joint far apart. Therefore
tricep is an extensor
Musculoskeletal System diseases and disorders
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Osteoporosis- a disease that involves bone tissue loss which makes the bones
brittle and weak
o Most common type of bone disease
o Leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture (broken bones),
particularly of the hip, spine and wrist
o Does not have any symptoms in the early ages.
o Symptoms occurring late in the disease: low back pain, bone pain or
tenderness, fractures, neck pain, and stooped posture or kyphosis
o Prevention: -exercise regularly, and consume a balanced diet with
adequate calcium and vitamin D
Other common Diseases and Disorders:
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Septic arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis