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Chapter 2 Chemistry:
All of the materials around you are made up of ______________.
I.
II.
Particles
A. States of matter _____________, ______________, ___________, _____________
B. _____________ is the smallest particle of matter.
The Atom
A. Parts of the atom
______________, ________________, _____________
B. _______________: matter made up of the same atom.
I. Atoms of the same element are identical.
Examples:
The periodic table
________
6
C
____________
Carbon
12.011
•
•
•
______________
___
___________
Atomic # tells you the # of ______________= 6
Atomic # tells you the # of ______________ = 6
Atomic mass – atomic # = the number of ________________.
* Round the atomic mass
#
12 to the– nearest
6 whole
=
6
__________ Model
A. The atom cannot be seen, but scientists believe it may look like this.
e______
e
e-
e__________
6 p+
6n
e
e-
p+ = ________
e- = ________
n = _________
What atom on the periodic table is this?
Electrons fill the energy levels in this order
1st level holds ____ electrons
2nd level holds ____electrons
3rd level holds ____ electrons
4th level holds ____ electrons
5th level holds ____ electrons
Draw a Hydrogen atom:
1
H
Hydrogen
1.000
Draw Nitrogen:
7
N
Nitrogen
14.000
•
__________
•
Atoms with the same number of _________ but different
number of __________.
__
electrons
__ protons
__
neutrons
Atomic mass: ________
Element: ___________
__
electrons
__ protons
__
neutrons
_________
__________
__
electrons
__ protons
__
neutrons
__________
__________
B. ____________ isotopes are used to _____________________.
_________ (outermost) electrons and bonding
•
_____________
–
–
–
•
__________ of valence electrons
Strong Bond
Example:
___________________________
reactants -----> products
Use _________ to show sharing
electrons
DRAW WATER
__________
–
–
–
_________/________ of valence
electrons
+/- _________ attract one another
Example:
_____________________________
Use___________ to show electron
movement, include charges.
DRAW SALT- NaCl
__________: the extraordinary molecule
•
Lots of electrons here because O
is a big atom. __________polarity
Water is _________
O
H
•
•
H
Fewer electrons here.
__________ Polarity
____________ makes water bond to each other. These __________
BONDS are important in the Biology of living things.
Water breaks into ____ and ______ ions
•
•
•
pH scale
______ is very reactive and _____________.
______ is __________
pH is the _______of __________
1. Acids have _____ ions. pH is ____-_____
Examples:
2. Bases have ____ ions. pH is ____-_____
Examples:
3. Neutral has ________ amounts ____ and ____ ions.
pH is______
Example:
.
Macro-Molecules/Organic Compounds:
Chemical compounds containing _________
________________ (sugars)- Elements include ____,____,____
_________________ - Elements include ____,_____,_____,_____
________________(fats) – Elements include ____,____,____
____________ _______ (DNA & RNA) –Elements include ____,____,____,____,____
Carbohydrates:
Organic compounds with a ____:___ ratio between ___________ and ___________. (Ex. CH2O)
Examples:
___________________ (simple sugars) C6H12O6 Ex: ___________________________
___________________
____________________ (double sugars) C11H22O11 Ex: _______________ and
_______________
____________________ (complex sugars) (C6H10O5)n Ex: ____________,
___________________ and _______________________
Carbohydrate Functions:
Quick ___________________. ___________ contains ______________ of energy.
______________ (starch, glycogen)
_______________(cellulose and chitin)
Proteins:
Proteins are ____________ compounds made up of smaller units called _________
_________.
Each _______ _______ contains an ________ or amino group, a _________ or
carboxyl group, and a _______ group, which can vary. (20 total)
Protein Functions:
______________: Makes up ____________ tissue (actin and myosin).
______________: Carries oxygen in organisms (________________).
_________________: Helps fight off foreign invaders. (_____________).
__________________ source.
_________________: Speed up chemical reactions (amylase and lactase).
ENZYMES:
_____________ ______________ make and break bonds. This releases energy.
1. Most chemical reactions require some energy to get started. This is called
______________ _____________
2. _________________ are proteins that speed up (____________) chemical
reactions in the body.
Reaction pathway
________
enzyme
________
Reaction pathway
_____ enzyme
Activation energy
________ enzyme
Activation
energy
____ enzyme
_______
Enzymes work by a ________________
1. A ____________ (reactant) binds to a specific enzyme at a place called
the _________ ________. This is very shape specific.
Substrate
Enzyme
2. After the enzyme binds to the substrate it pushes the reaction to occur
and products are formed. This speeds up reactions.
Draw an enzyme reaction: label ALL parts
Factors That may Influence an Enzyme’s Reaction Rate
 _________________ : High or low _________________ may cause irreversible
damage or
the enzyme.
 _________________: Too ________ substrate will ______ the rate of reaction
down.
 _________________: These substances and _________ will interfere with the
enzymes’ bonds.(___________)
 ______________: These molecules compete for the ________ _______
slowing the _______ of __________.
Lipids:
A group of __________________ compounds that contain very little _______________.
Examples: __________, _________________, ______________, and ___________.
They are found surrounding _________________, in each ______________, and clogging
______________ and _______________.
Main Types of Fats:



____________: No __________
bonds between the carbons
_______ at room temperature
Found mostly in __________.



____________: ________
bonds between some of the
carbons
_________ at room temperature
Found mostly in___________
Lipid Functions:
High ___________ food. ________ contains _________ of energy.
Protects _________ __________
_________ the body
Stores_________ (energy) for later use
Biological ___________
Chemical _____________ (Steroids)
Nucleic Acids:
These are chemical compounds made up of smaller units called ____________.
Examples are: ________ (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and ______ (Ribonucleic acid).
DNA
RNA
__________Helix (twisted ladder)
Contains the bases ____, ____, ____,
& ____
___________ the code for the bodies
___________
___________ strand
Contains the bases ____, ____, ____,
& ____
__________ the code for a protein,
and transfers amino acids to the
______________.
Concept Map for chemical Compounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of
which contain
that consist of
which contain
that consist of
which contain
example
example
example
example