Download Ureter

Ureter
• Originates as the _
•
• Layers of Ureter
– Inner layer: _________________________.
Continuous with renal tubules and bladder
– Middle layer: ________________________ Smooth
muscle fibers both circular and longitudinal
– Outer layer: _____________________________
Connective tissue
Peristalsis
• ____________________________ enters
renal pelvis and ureters
• Pushed along by ______________________
to urinary bladder
• _______________________: at entrance of
bladder to _
Urinary Bladder
• Located in _
– Male:
– Female:
• Like stomach, has rugae. _
Urinary bladder
• ________________: ________________ area
composed of
–
–
– _________________________ of the bladder (opens
to urethra)
• Trigone remains
_____________________________ as rest of
bladder expands and contracts
Bladder
• Layers of the bladder
– 1. Inner layer: mucous coat
•
– 2. Submucous coat: _
Bladder
– 3. Muscular coat: _________________ muscles
•
•
– 4. Serous coat
Micturition
• ______________________ reflex _
• ______________________ of the bladder
stimulates _
• ______________________ muscle contracts
– Aided by _
• External urethral sphincter relaxes
–
Bladder volume
• Bladder may hold up to ____________ of
urine
• Urge may be present at _
• At about 300 ml, sensation _
Bladder
• As bladder fills and distends, detrusor muscle
contracts
• Contractions may force _
– Involuntary muscle
• However, in adults, urination is a
______________________________ action.
Urination
• Depends on control of the _
Urethra
•
• Contains several _
– Secrete _
Female Urethra
•
•
•
•
About _______ long
Travels below _
Empties between _
Empties as _
Male Urethra
• Has both _
• Divided into three sections
– _________________________________: passes through
prostate gland
– ________________________________ urethra: passes
through urogenital diaphragm. Surrounded by external
urethral sphincter muscle
– ________________________________ urethra: passes
through corpus spongiosum of penis
• Ends as _
Chapter 21
• Water, Electrolyte, and acid/base balances
Distribution of body fluids
• Fluid compartments
– Intracellular fluid compartment
• All water and electrolytes _
– Extracellular fluid compartment
• All fluid _
– Interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph
– Transcellular fluid: _________________________________,
aqueous humor, _______________________________,
synovial fluid, _
Body fluid
•
– _________________________________ of
sodium, chloride bicarbonate ions
– _________________________________ of
potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and
sulfur
Body fluid composition
• Intracellular fluids
– Higher concentrations of potassium, phosphate,
and magnesium ions
– Lower concentrations of sodium, chloride,
bicarbonate than extracellular fluids
– Greater concentration _
Movement of fluid
• Two major factors for movement
– ___________________________________:
pressure exerted by fluids
• Fluid _
– ___________________________________: the
potential pressure of a solution caused by nondiffusible solute particles in the solution
Osmosis
If two solutions of different concentration
are separated by a semi-permeable
membrane which is permeable to to the
smaller solvent molecules but not to the
larger solute molecules, then the solvent
will tend to diffuse across the membrane
from the less concentrated to the more
concentrated solution. This process is called
osmosis.
Water balance
• Adult water intake
– 60% from _
– 30% from _
– 10% __________________________________:
by product of metabolizing nutrients
Thirst
• Primary regulator:
–
– Related to
________________________________________
of brain
– Body loses water  _____________________ of
the EC (extracellular) fluids _______________ 
Thirst
• Stimulates ________________________ in
the thirst center 
• Dry mouth:
• Thirst triggered when total body water is
decrease _
Quenching thirst
• Drinking water 
_________________________________ 
triggers impulses to brain  _
• Prevents ___________________________
Mechanism is inhibited with
________________________ of water, not
________________________ of water
Water output
• Loss in
–
–
–
– Evaporation and
– Lungs during breathing 28%
Water loss
• If 2500 ml taken in on daily basis, then 2500
ml should be eliminated to maintain _
Imbalances
• If not enough water taken in  _
–
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
• DCT linings are _______________________
to water.
• Blood plasma becomes _______________ due
to _____________________  triggers
posterior pituitary gland to release _
• ADH in bloodstream  reaches
____________________  increases
permeability of__________  water is _
Dehydration
• EC fluid becomes _
• Change in osmotic pressure stimulates
_____________________ to release ADH
• ADH carried by blood to kidneys
• Changes permeability of DCT
• Water output _
Excess water intake
• EC fluid becomes _
• Stimulates _
• Pituitary _
• Water ________________________ and
collecting ducts
• Removed from _
Diuretics
• Alcohol, some narcotics: _
• Caffeine: inhibit _______________________
 reduces reabsorption of water  urine
output increases
Electrolyte Balance
• Important electrolytes:
– Sodium
–
– Calcium
– Magnesium
–
– Sulfate
– Phosphate
–
–

Primarily obtained from
 Foods
 Beverages
 Byproducts of
metabolism
Electrolyte output
• Body loses electrolytes
–
–
– Greatest amount lost in _
Regulation of Sodium
• Regulated through ______________________
and hormone _
– Aldosterone _
Regulation of Potassium
• Rising potassium ion concentration will _
– Enhances sodium _
– Causes renal tubules to _
Regulation of Calcium
• Dropping Ca concentration stimulates
•
– Secretes parathyroid hormone
– Which _______________________________
concentrations of both calcium and phosphate
ions in extracellular fluids
– Also increases _
Parathyroid hormone
• Causes the kidneys to
– Conserve calcium ions
–
• Net result of PTH:
– returns calcium ion concentration of EC fluid to
normal levels
– Maintains phosphate ion concentration