Download 9- Circulation

Chapter 23
Circulation
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition
Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture by Richard L. Myers
Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen
MECHANISMS
OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.1 Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues
 All cells need
– Nutrients
– Gas exchange
– Removal of wastes
 Diffusion alone is inadequate for large and complex bodies
 An internal transport system assists diffusion by moving
materials between
– Surfaces of the body
– Internal tissues
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.1 Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues
 A gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians
and flatworms serves in Digestion and
Distribution of substances
 Circulatory system in most animals
consists of Blood, Heart and Blood vessels
 Open circulatory systems in Arthropods
and many molluscs
– Heart pumps blood through open-ended
vessels
– Cells directly bathed in blood
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tubular heart
Pores
The open circulatory system (vessels in gold) in a
grasshopper
23.1 Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues
 Closed circulatory systems
– Vertebrates, earthworms, squids, octopuses
– Blood stays confined to vessels
– A heart pumps blood through arteries to
capillaries
– Veins return blood to heart
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arteriole
Capillary beds
Artery
(O2-rich blood)
Venule
Vein
Atrium
Gill
Capillaries
Artery
(O2-poor blood)
Ventricle
The closed circulatory system in a fish
Heart
23.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION:
Vertebrate Cardiovascular
systems reflect evolution
 Two-chambered heart
in fish pumps blood in a
single circuit From gill
capillaries To systemic
capillaries Back to heart
Gill capillaries
Heart:
Ventricle (V)
Atrium (A)
Systemic capillaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate Cardiovascular
systems reflect evolution
 Double circulation in land vertebrates have Separate
pulmonary and systemic circuits
Three-chambered hearts
–Amphibians, turtles, snakes, lizards
–Two atria and one undivided ventricle
–Permits blood diversion away from lungs when
diving
–But some blood from body and lungs mixes in the
ventricle when not diving
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lung and skin capillaries
Pulmocutaneous
circuit
The double circulation and
three-chambered heart of an
amphibian
A
A
V
Left
Right
Systemic circuit
Systemic capillaries
23.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate Cardiovascular
systems reflect evolution
 Four-chambered hearts
–Crocodilians, birds, mammals
–Two atria and two ventricles
–Two circuits that do not mix
– Right side pumps blood from body to lungs
– Left side pumps blood from lungs to body
–Higher blood pressure
– Supports more efficient movement of blood
– Needed in endothermic animals
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lung capillaries
Pulmonary
circuit
The double circulation
and four-chambered
heart of a bird or
mammal
A
A
VV
Right
Left
Systemic circuit
Systemic capillaries
THE HUMAN
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.3 The human cardiovascular system illustrates the double
circulation of mammals
 Blood flow through the double circulatory system of humans
 The mammalian heart consists of
– Two thin-walled atria that move blood
to ventricles
– Thick-walled ventricles that Pump
blood to lungs and all other body regions
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
8
Superior
vena cava
Capillaries of
head, chest, and
arms
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of right lung
Aorta
‫األورطي‬
9
2
7
Capillaries
of left lung
2
3
3
4
5
10
4
Pulmonary
vein
Right atrium
6
1
9
Pulmonary
vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
Aorta
8
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Blood flow through the double circulation of the human cardiovascular system
23.4 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically
 Cardiac output: Amount of blood/minute
pumped into systemic circuit
 Heart rate: Number of beats/minute
 Heart valves: Prevent the backflow of blood
 Heart murmur: A defect in one or more
heart valves
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.5 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat
 The pacemaker (SA node in upper wall
of right atrium)
– Sets the rate of heart contractions
– Generates electrical signals in atria
 The AV node
– Relays these signals to the ventricles
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.6 CONNECTION: What is a heart attack?
 A heart attack is
damage to cardiac
muscle typically from
a blocked coronary
artery
 Stroke Death of brain
tissue from blocked
arteries in the head
Superiorvena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary
Artery
Left
coronary
Artery
Right
coronary
Artery
Blockage
Dead muscle tissue
Blockage of a coronary artery, resulting in a
heart attack
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.6 CONNECTION: What is a heart attack?
 Atherosclerosis

Plaques develop inside inner walls of blood vessels

Plaques narrow blood vessels

Blood flow is reduced
Epithelium
Smooth Muscle
Plaque
ConnectiveTissue
Atherosclerosis: a normal artery (left) and an artery partially closed by plaque (right)
23.7 The structure of blood vessels fits their functions
 Capillaries
 Thin walls: a single layer of epithelial cells
 Narrow: blood cells flow in a single file

Increase surface area for gas and fluid exchange
Capillary
Diffusion
between blood
and tissue cells
Interstitial
Fluid
Tissue cell
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diffusion of
Molecules
23.7 The structure of blood vessels fits their functions
Arteries and veins
– Lined by single layer of epithelial cells
– Smooth muscle in walls can reduce blood
flow
– Elastic fibers permit recoil after stretching
– Veins have one-way valves that restrict
backward flow
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Capillary
Epithelium
Basal lamina
Epithelium
Epithelium
Smooth
Muscle
Connective
Tissue
Valve
Smooth
Muscle
Connective
Tissue
Artery
Vein
Arteriole
Venule
Structural relationships of blood vessels
23.8 Blood pressure and velocity reflect the structure and
arrangement of blood vessels
 Blood pressure: The force blood exerts on vessel
walls
–Depends on cardiac output and resistance of vessels
–Decreases as blood moves away from heart
–highest in arteries & lowest in veins
–It is measured as
– Systolic pressure: caused by ventricular contraction
–Diastolic pressure: low pressure between contractions
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION
OF BLOOD
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.12 Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in
plasma
 Plasma is about 90% water
 Plasma contains
– Various inorganic ions
– Proteins, nutrients
– Wastes, gases
– Hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Plasma (55%)
Constituent
Water
Ions (blood electrolytes)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Plasma proteins
Major functions
Solvent for carrying
other substances
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
maintaining ion
concentration of
interstitial fluid
Osmotic balance
and pH buffering
Fibrinogen
Clotting
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Defense
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
Centrifuged
blood
Sample
23.12 Blood consists of red and white blood cells
suspended in plasma
 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
– Transport O2 bound to hemoglobin
 White blood cells (leukocytes)
– Function inside and outside the circulatory
system
– Fight infections and cancer
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cellular elements (45%)
Centrifuged
blood
Sample
Cell type
Number
per µL (mm3) of blood
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
Functions
5–6 million
Transport of
oxygen (and
carbon dioxide)
5,000–10,000
Defense and
Immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000–
400,000
Blood clotting
23.13 CONNECTION: Too few or too many red blood cells can be
unhealthy
 Anemia
– Abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells
– Causes fatigue due to lack of oxygen in tissues
 Erythropoietin hormone (EPO) Regulates red blood cell
production
 Some athletes artificially increase red blood cell production
by injecting erythropoietin which can lead to




Clotting
Stroke
Heart failure
Death
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.14 Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured
 When a blood vessel is damaged
– Platelets help trigger the conversion of fibrinogen to
fibrin
– Which forms a clot that plugs the leak
 The blood-clotting process
– Platelets adhere to exposed connective tissue
– Platelets form a plug
– A fibrin clot traps blood cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Platelets adhere
to exposed
connective tissue
2
Platelet plug
Forms
3
Fibrin clot
traps
blood cells
Epithelium
Connective
Tissue
Platelet plug
Platelet
A fibrin clot
The blood-clotting process
You should now be able to
1- Explain how geese can fly at altitudes higher than Mount Everest
2- Describe the three main phases of gas exchange in a human
3- Describe four types of respiratory surfaces and the types of animals
that use them
4- Explain how breathing air compares to using water for gas exchange
Describe the parts and functions of the human respiratory system
6- Describe the impact of smoking on human health
7- Explain how blood transports gases between the lungs and tissues of
the body
8- Describe the functions of hemoglobin
9- Explain how a fetus obtains oxygen before and after birth
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
You should now be able to
1. Explain how the circulatory systems of a giraffe and snake
resist gravity
2. 2. Describe the general need for and functions of a
circulatory system
3. Compare the structures and functions of gastrovascular
cavities, open circulatory systems, and closed circulatory
systems
4. Compare the circulatory systems of a fish, frog, and mammal
5. Explain how heartbeats are controlled
6. Describe the causes and consequences of a heart attack and
cardiovascular disease
7. Relate the structure of blood vessels to their functions
8. Describe the components of blood and their functions
9. Describe the process of blood clotting
10. Describe the causes and treatments for leukemia
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
‫الدورة الدموية‬
‫تعريف المصطلــــــــــح‬
‫آليات النقل الداخلي‬
‫مواد غذائية‬
‫تبادل الغازات‬
‫التخلص من الفضالت‬
‫عملية االنتشار‬
‫ليست كافية بالنسبة لألجسام الكبيرة والمعقدة‬
‫يساعد جهاز النقل الداخلي عملية االنتشار بنقل المواد‬
‫وتحريكها بين‬
‫سطح الجسم‬
‫األنسجة الداخلية‬
‫التجويف المعدي الوعائي‬
‫في شعبة سينيداريا والديدان‬
‫في عملية الهضم‬
‫وتوزيع المواد‬
‫يتكون الجهاز الدوري‬
‫‪Circulation‬‬
‫المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح‬
‫‪Mechanisms Of Internal Transport‬‬
‫‪Nutrients‬‬
‫‪Gas Exchange‬‬
‫‪Removal Of Wastes‬‬
‫‪Diffusion‬‬
‫‪Inadequate For Large And Complex‬‬
‫‪Bodies‬‬
‫‪An Internal Transport System Assists‬‬
‫‪Diffusion By Moving Materials Between‬‬
‫‪Surfaces Of The Body‬‬
‫‪Internal Tissues‬‬
‫‪Gastrovascular Cavity‬‬
‫‪Cnidarians And Flatworms‬‬
‫‪Digestion‬‬
‫‪Distribution Of Substances‬‬
‫‪Circulatory System‬‬
‫الدورة الدموية‬
‫تعريف المصطلــــــــــح‬
‫األوعية الدموية‬
‫األجهزة الدورية المفتوحة‬
‫مفصليات األرجل‬
‫الرخويات‬
‫أوعية ذات نهايات مفتوحة‬
‫نغمر الخاليا مباشرة في الدم‬
‫األجهزة الدورية المغلقة‬
‫الفقاريات‪ ,‬ديدان األرض‪ ,‬أسماك الحبار‪ ,‬اإلخطبوط‬
‫ينحصر الدم في األوعية‬
‫يضخ القلب الدم عبر الشرايين إلى الشعيرات‬
‫تعيد األوردة الدم إلى القلب‬
‫قلب ذو غرفتين‬
‫دائرة مفردة‬
‫الشعيرات الخيشومية‬
‫‪Circulation‬‬
‫المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح‬
‫‪Blood Vessels‬‬
‫‪Open Circulatory Systems‬‬
‫‪Arthropods‬‬
‫‪Molluscs‬‬
‫‪Open-Ended Vessels‬‬
‫‪Cells Directly Bathed In Blood‬‬
‫‪Closed Circulatory Systems‬‬
‫‪Vertebrates, Earthworms, Squids,‬‬
‫‪Octopuses‬‬
‫‪Confined To Vessels‬‬
‫‪A Heart Pumps Blood Through Arteries To‬‬
‫‪Capillaries‬‬
‫‪Veins Return Blood To Heart‬‬
‫‪Two-Chambered Heart‬‬
‫‪Single Circuit‬‬
‫‪Gill Capillaries‬‬
‫الدورة الدموية‬
‫تعريف المصطلــــــــــح‬
‫إلى شعيرات الجهاز الدوري‬
‫دورة دموية مزدوجة‬
‫دورتين منفصلتين وهما الرئوية والجهازيه‬
‫قلوب ذات ثالث غرف‬
‫البرمائيات‪ ,‬السالحف‪ ,‬الثعابين‪ ,‬السحالي‬
‫بطين واحد غير ُمجزأ أُذينان‬
‫يسمح بانحراف الدم بعيدا ً عن الرئة أثناء الغوص‬
‫بعض الدم من الجسم والرئتين يختلطا في البطين في حالة‬
‫عدم الغوص‬
‫القلوب ذات األربع غرف‬
‫التماسيح‪ ,‬الطيور‪ ,‬الثدييات‬
‫دورتان ال تختلطان مع بعضهما البعض‬
‫يضخ الجانب األيمن الدم من الجسم إلى الرئة‬
‫ضغط الدم األعلى‬
‫يدعم الحركة األكثر كفاءة للدم‬
‫‪Circulation‬‬
‫المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح‬
‫‪Systemic Capillaries‬‬
‫‪Double Circulation‬‬
‫‪Separate Pulmonary And Systemic‬‬
‫‪Circuits‬‬
‫‪Three-Chambered Hearts‬‬
‫‪Amphibians, Turtles, Snakes, Lizards‬‬
‫‪Two Atria And One Undivided Ventricle‬‬
‫‪Permits Blood Diversion Away From‬‬
‫‪Lungs When Diving‬‬
‫‪Some Blood From Body And Lungs Mixes‬‬
‫‪In The Ventricle When Not Diving‬‬
‫‪Four-Chambered Hearts‬‬
‫‪Crocodilians, Birds, Mammals‬‬
‫‪Two Circuits That Do Not Mix‬‬
‫‪Right Side Pumps Blood From Body To‬‬
‫‪Lungs‬‬
‫‪Higher Blood Pressure‬‬
‫‪More Efficient Movement Of Blood‬‬
‫الدورة الدموية‬
‫تعريف المصطلــــــــــح‬
‫مطلوب في الحيوانات داخلية الحرارة‬
‫الجهاز القلبي الوعائي لإلنسان‬
‫يتدفق الدم عبر الجهاز الدوري المزدوج لإلنسان‬
‫قلب الثدييات‬
‫أُذينان رفيعة الجُدر‬
‫بطينين سميكة الجُدر‬
‫السعة القلبية‬
‫كمية الدم التي يضخها القلب في الدورة الجهازيه في‬
‫الدقيقة‬
‫معدل دقات القلب‬
‫صمامات القلب‬
‫لغط القلب‬
‫عضلة تنظيم دقات القلب (العقدة الجيب اٌذينية)‬
‫معدل انقباضات القلب‬
‫تولد اإلشارات الكهربائية في األُذنين‬
‫العقدة األُذين بطينة‬
‫‪Circulation‬‬
‫المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح‬
‫‪Needed In Endothermic Animals‬‬
‫‪The Human Cardiovascular System‬‬
‫‪Blood Flow Through The Double‬‬
‫‪Circulatory System Of Humans‬‬
‫‪Mammalian Heart‬‬
‫‪Two Thin-Walled Atria‬‬
‫‪Thick-Walled Ventricles‬‬
‫‪Cardiac Output‬‬
‫‪Amount Of Blood/Minute Pumped Into‬‬
‫‪Systemic Circuit‬‬
‫‪Heart Rate‬‬
‫‪Heart Valves‬‬
‫‪Heart Murmur‬‬
‫)‪Pacemaker (SA Node‬‬
‫‪Rate Of Heart Contractions‬‬
‫‪Generates Electrical Signals In Atria‬‬
‫‪AV Node‬‬
‫الدورة الدموية‬
‫تعريف المصطلــــــــــح‬
‫تنقل هذه اإلشارات للبطينين‬
‫النوبة القلبية‬
‫هي تلف عضلة القلب‬
‫شريان تاجي مسدود‬
‫موت نسيج المخ‬
‫مرض تصلب الشرايين‬
‫الشعيرات الدموية‬
‫جدران رفيعة‬
‫ضيقة‬
‫يزيد من مساحة السطح لتبادل الغازات والسوائل‬
‫لشرايين واألوردة‬
‫مبطنة بطبقة واحدة من الخاليا الطالئية‬
‫تسمح األلياف المطاطة باالرتداد إلى الحالة الطبيعية بعد‬
‫الشد‬
‫األوردة لها صمامات ذات اتجاه واحد والتي تمنع ارتداد‬
‫الدم‬
‫ضغط الدم‬
‫‪Circulation‬‬
‫المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح‬
‫‪Relays These Signals To The Ventricles‬‬
‫‪Heart Attack‬‬
‫‪Damage To Cardiac Muscle‬‬
‫‪Blocked Coronary Artery‬‬
‫‪Stroke Death Of Brain Tissue‬‬
‫‪Atherosclerosis‬‬
‫‪Capillaries‬‬
‫‪Thin Walls‬‬
‫‪Narrow‬‬
‫‪Increase Surface Area For Gas And Fluid‬‬
‫‪Exchange‬‬
‫‪Arteries And Veins‬‬
‫‪Single Layer Of Epithelial Cells‬‬
‫‪Elastic Fibers Permit Recoil After‬‬
‫‪Stretching‬‬
‫‪Veins Have One-Way Valves That Restrict‬‬
‫‪Backward Flow‬‬
‫‪Blood Pressure‬‬
‫الدورة الدموية‬
‫تعريف المصطلــــــــــح‬
‫‪Circulation‬‬
‫المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح‬
‫‪Depends On Cardiac Output And‬‬
‫وتعتمد على السعة القلبية ومقاومة األوعية‬
‫‪Resistance Of Vessels‬‬
‫‪Systolic Pressure‬‬
‫الضغط االنقباضي‬
‫‪Caused By Ventricular Contraction‬‬
‫نتيجة النقباض البطين‬
‫‪Diastolic Pressure‬‬
‫الضغط االنبساطي‬
‫‪Low Pressure Between Contractions‬‬
‫نتيجة للضغط المنخفض بين االنقباضات‬
‫‪Structure And Function Of Blood‬‬
‫تركيب ووظيفة الدم‬
‫‪Plasma‬‬
‫لبالزما‬
‫‪Various Inorganic Ions‬‬
‫أيونات غير عضوية متعددة‬
‫‪Proteins, Nutrients‬‬
‫بروتينات‪ ,‬مواد غذائية‬
‫‪Wastes, Gases‬‬
‫فضالت‪ ,‬غازات‬
‫‪Hormones‬‬
‫هرمونات‬
‫)‪Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes‬‬
‫خاليا الدم الحمراء‬
‫)‪White Blood Cells (Leukocytes‬‬
‫خاليا الدم البيضاء‬
‫‪Anemia‬‬
‫األنيميا ”فقر الدم“‬
‫كميات منخفضة بصورة غير طبيعية من الهيموجلوبين أو ‪Abnormally Low Amounts Of Hemoglobin‬‬
‫‪Or Red Blood Cells‬‬
‫خاليا الدم الحمراء‬
‫الدورة الدموية‬
‫تعريف المصطلــــــــــح‬
‫‪Circulation‬‬
‫المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح‬
‫‪Causes Fatigue Due To Lack Of Oxygen In‬‬
‫تسبب اإلجهاد نتيجة لقلة األكسجين في األنسجة‬
‫‪Tissues‬‬
‫‪Erythropoietin Hormone (EPO) Regulates‬‬
‫هرمون المولد لخاليا الدم الحمراء يقوم بتنظيم عملية انتاج‬
‫‪Red Blood Cell Production‬‬
‫كرات الدم الحمراء‬
‫يقوم بعض الرياضيين بزيادة انتاج خاليا الدم الحمراء بصورة ‪Some Athletes Artificially Increase Red Blood‬‬
‫‪Cell Production By Injecting Erythropoietin‬‬
‫صناعية وذلك بحقن الهرمون المولد لخاليا الدم الحمراء‬
‫‪Which Can Lead To‬‬
‫والذي يمكن أن يؤدي إلى‪:‬‬
‫‪Clotting‬‬
‫التجلط‬
‫‪Stroke‬‬
‫سكتة دماغية‬
‫‪Heart Failure‬‬
‫ذبحة صدرية‬
‫‪Death‬‬
‫الموت‬
‫‪When A Blood Vessel Is Damaged‬‬
‫عند تلف الوعاء الدموي‬
‫‪Platelets Help Trigger The Conversion Of‬‬
‫تساعد الصفائح الدموية على استهالل تحول الفيبرينوجين‬
‫‪Fibrinogen To Fibrin‬‬
‫”مولد األلياف“ إلى فيبرين‬
‫‪Which Forms A Clot That Plugs The Leak‬‬
‫والذي يُكون جلطة تسد النزيف‬
‫‪Blood-Clotting Process‬‬
‫عملية تجلط الدم‬
‫‪Platelets Adhere To Exposed Connective‬‬
‫تلتصق الصفائح الدموية بنسيج ضام ظاهر‬
‫‪Tissue‬‬
‫‪Platelets Form A Plug‬‬
‫تكون الصفائح الدموية سُدادة‬
‫‪Fibrin Clot Traps Blood Cells‬‬
‫الفيبرين تجتذب الخاليا الدموية‬