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GENERAL OF THE
ANATOMY VETERINER
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2.
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INTRODUCTION
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY AND THEIR
CONNECTION.
GENERAL MYOLOGY & THEIR
SUPPORT.
GENERAL SYNDESMOLOGY
GENERAL ANGIO-NEUROLOGY
ANATOMY : (according to Vesalius
1543): should rightly be regarded as the
firm foundation of the whole art of
medicine and its essential preliminary.
The anatomy introduces the student to
a large portion of the medical
terminology
INTRODUCTION
THINK OF DIVERSITY……..>
PHILOSOPHY
….> ……BIOLOGY ……..>
ANATOMY.
NATURAL SCIENCES
*ABIOLOGY (physic, mathematic, etc )
*BIOLOGY : * Physiology
* morphology:
-anatomi  phytotomy,
zootomy.
-embriology
-histology
ANATOMY
ANATEM (YUNANI): THE CUTTING
APART OR DISASSOCIATION OF PARTS
OF THE BODY.
IS A BRANCH OF BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE WHICH DEAL WITH THE
FORM AND STRUCTURE OF
ORGANISM.
PARTS OF THE ANATOMY
• MACROSKOPIS ANATOMY ( GROSS
ANATOMY)
• MICROSKOPIS ANATOMI (HISTOLOGY )
DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH OF
THE ORGANISM
• EMBRIOLOGY: development of the
foetus from fertilisation - till partus
• ONTOGENY: is used to designated the
entire development of the individual.
• PHILOGENY (THE ANCESTRAL
HISTORY): is constituted by the
evolutionary changes which it has
undergone, as disclosed by the geological
record.
ORGANISM AS STUDYING
OBJECT
*SPECIAL ANATOMY : anthropotomy,
kinotomy dan hippotomy
*COMPARATIVE ANATOMY : is the
discription and comparison of the
structure of animals, and forms the basis
for their classification.
VETERINARY ANATOMY


Is a branch which deals with the form and
structure of the the principal domesticated
animals.
It is usually pursued with regard to
professional requirements, and is therefore
largely descriptive in character.
HOW TO STUDY ANATOMY
 SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
 TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
 APPLIED ANATOMY
SISTEMATIC ANATOMY
Contains of :
Osteology
Syndesmology
Myology
Splanchnology
Angiology
Neurology
aesthesiology
LATIN LANGUAGE TERMS
VALID IN THE BODY
Dorsal
Ventral
Cranial
cranial
Caudal
anal
dorsal
ventral
caudal
Long Axis
Proximal - distal
Proximal: going up
Distal : goin down
Cranial/rostral – aboral (only in the head)
aboral
rostral
oral
LATIN TERMS
cranial
dorsal
anal
caudal
CRANIAL
ventral
The terms are only in the head
 Oral
 Apical
 Aboral
 Nuchal
 Anterior
 posterior
 Superior
 Inferior
Moving bones








Proximal 
Distal

Dorsal 
Volar

Palmar 
plantar 
Ulnar

Radial 
fibular
Tibial
Lateral
Medial
Median
Sagittal
Transversal
horizontal
Plana median
Median: divides the body in
the middle 
bilateral simetris.
SAGITTAL
Cutting the body parallel
with median plane
Direction orientasion
 Dexter
 Sinister
 Externus
 Internus
 Profundus
 Superficialis
 Transversus
 longitudinal
 Ecto
 Meso
 Endo
 Epi
 Peri
 Dia
 Hypo dan Hyper
 basis dan apex
 margo
CHARACTERIZATION
Magnus
Brevis
Major/ majus
Minor/ minus
Dorum
Molle
Supra and infra
Form and the structure terms
 facies
 Fovea
 Facialis
 Fascia
 Foramen
 Sulcus
 Fasciculus
 canalis
 Cavum
 Caverna(cavernosus)
 Caput
 Condylus
 Collum
 Spina
 crista
PROC TRANSVERSUS
Proc transversus
PROC SPINOSUS
Proc spinosus
ANATOMY in the RADIOLOGY
 X-RAYS WAS INVENTED IN 1895 BY
CONRAD ROENTGEN.
 FOR DIAGNOSE, TREATMENT AND
RESEARCH
 THE X-RAYS BEAM IS SO TINY. IT CAN PASS
THROUGH THE ATOMS OF THE TISSUE OF
AN ANIMALS WHICH ONLY CERTAIN PARTS
OF THE X-RAY BEAM BEING “STOPPED” OR
“ABSORBED” BY ORBITING ELECTRONS,
PROTONS OR NEUTRONS IN THE EXPOSED
TISSUES.
BONES SYSTEM AND THEIR
CONNECTIONS
FERTILISATION  ZYGOTE (mitosis:
cleavage)  MORULA  BLASTULA 
GASTRULA  divides into 3:
- ectoderm : external layer skin &
nerve
- endoderm: internal layerviscera
- mesoderm: middle layer muscles &
bones

SKELETON FUNCTIONS
• SUPPORT THE BODY
• TO MAKE A BODY FORM
• TO PROTECT THE WEAK ORGANS
• PASSIVE MOVING ORGANS
• FOR FIXING THE MUSCLES
• PLACE TO PRODUCES BLOOD
• RESERVOAR OF THE CHEMICALS: Ca & P
ZUM OF THE BONES
Every animals are different
 example: horse 205 parts
cattle 191 – 193 parts
chickens 160 parts
human 206 parts (old), 270 (
birth)
Factors ras & ages
THE POSITION OF THE
SKELETON



Skeleton axialis
Skeleton appendicularis
Skeleton visceralis :
examples: os penis : dog & cat
os cordis : cattle
os glandis : cat
os hyodeus: vertebrata
Morphology of the bones
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


OSSA LONGA
OSSA PLANA
OSSA BREVIA
OSSA IRREGULARIA
OSSA LONGA
(long bones)
Ossa plana
(plain bones)
OSSA BREVIA
(short bones)
OSSA IRREGULARIA
Development of the bone
(osteogenesis)
1.osteogenesis intramembranosa (desmalis =
primer): mesenchym cells osteoblast  osteocyt
 matrix becomes thick & compact (osteoid) 
calcifications  punctum ossification.
 2. osteogenesis intracartilagenosa (enchondralis
= secundair):
starts by soft bones: mesenchym cells
chondroblast chondrocyt (depend on the length of
the bones) ossification.
Osteoblast :to destroy the bones that have been
made physiologically.

Ossifiction centers
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

Development :
interstitial development
( from middle of the tissue)
Appostitional development
(from the lateral, the changes of the
connective tissue covering the bones)
PUNCTUM OSSIFICATION
VERTEBRATA post natal
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GROUP I
horse
cattle
sheep

nihil
nihil
nihil
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GROUP II
human
rabbbit
dog
cat
pig
guinea pig
31
32
34
34
3
3
Mature (adult)
1. mature of the genital: start from
genital function actively and properly.
♂: wet dream & ♀: menstruation
2. mature of the body : all bones
already finish their punctum ossification
 means the development and growth
of the bones stop.
genital & body mature
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ANIMALS
horse
cattle
Sheep/goat
pig
dog
GENITAL
BODY
1 year
4-5 yrs
5-9 months
4-5 yrs
6 months
4-5 yrs
3-4 months
4-7 yrs
8 months 1,5-2 yrs
Bones Structures
macroscopic structure
 microscopic structure
 chemicals and physicals structures

STRUCTURE MACROSCOPIC
SUBSTANSIA SPONGIOSA
SUBSTANSIA COMPACTA
compact and spons bones
spongiosa
compact
parts of long bone
DIAPHISA
EPIPHYSA
Ossa pneumatica

SINUS : air spaces within compact substance
instead of spongy bone and marrow and
hence, are called pneumatic bones. The
cavities are termed sinuses and lines with
mucous membrane; they communicate
indirectly with the external air
SINUS
DIPLOE

The flat bones of the cranial vault and sides
are composed of an outer layer of ordinary
compact substance, the lamina externa, an
inner layer very dense bone, the lamina
interna or tabula vitrea, and between these
a variable amount of sponge bone, here
termes diploe
Physic of long bone
capsula cartilago
Osseous
epiphysis
epiphise plate
Osseous
metaphisis
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE
• chemical: organic : anorganic
1:2
• Bone composition:
gelatin
33,30%
calcium fosfat
57,35%
calcium karbonat
3,85%
magnesium fosfat
2,05%
natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45%
BONES APPENDEX
• Periosteum / endosteum:
it has a potential to make new layer bone
• Soft bone (cartilago): it use for
shock absorber articulation between
bones.
• Tendo, ligamentum: it a fixation
apparatus between bones or with
muscles.
SYNDESMOLOGY
(ARTHROLOGY)
• An articulation or joint is formed by
the union of two or more bones or
cartilages by other tissue.
• Bone is the fundamental part of
most joints; in some cases a bone
and a cartilage, or two cartilages,
form a joint.
• The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous
tissue or cartilage, or a mixture of
these.
CLASSIFICATION
• 1. fibrous joint (synarthrosis)
• 2. cartilagenous joint
(amphiarthrosis).
• 3. synovial joint ( diarthrosis).
FIBROUS JOINTS

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

In this group the segments are united by fibrous
tissue = termed fixed or immovable
No joint cavity.
most of these joints are temporary, the uniting
medium being invaded by the process of
ossification. synostosis.
Divide into : - Suture.(in the head)
- Syndesmosis.(in metacarpal bones)
- Gomphosis.(implantation of the teeth)
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS


The bones of cartilagenous joints are united by
fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, or a combination
of the two.
Classified as :
-Synchondrosis (hyalin cartilage joint): osseous
fusion occurs in adulthood, and joints are no longer
exists. (costochondral junction)
-Symphysis (fibrocartilagenous joints): the
contiguous bones are united by fibrocartilage during
some phase of their existence. ( symphysis pelvis)
BONES CONNECTION
(juncturae ossium)
• articulation = syndesmology
• Requirement for diarthrosis:
1. it has articulation surface
2. articulation cartilage
3. capsula synoviale
4. ligamentum
5. discus and meniscus
6. marginal cartilago (labrum
gleniodale, acetabulare)
SYNOVIAL JOINT
LIGAMENTS
DISCUS
LABRUM GLENOIDALE