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System Overview
• The digestive system is responsible for breaking
down food into a state in which it can be
absorbed into the blood stream. It starts in the
mouth, where chewing and saliva initially break
down food.
• The stomach churns it and turn it into chyme,
sending it then to the small intestine.
• The small intestine lets blood absorb nutrients
from the food and the large intestine removes
water from the food, making solid stool. The
rectum then takes the stool and the anus
controls its release.
• We will go into more depth in this presentation.
The Mouth
• The mouth is
where the
digestive system
begins.
• It chews food and
combines it with
saliva which
brings it to a form
that is easier for
your stomach to
break down.
Esophagus
• The esophagus starts in the throat,
or pharynx.
• It then proceeds to trachea and then
into the stomach in the abdomen
region.
• Its main purpose is to move chewed
food from the mouth to the stomach.
• The food is delivered to the stomach
by a series of muscular contractions
also known as peristalsis.
• It plays no purpose in actually
absorbing food.
Stomach
• The stomach receives Bolus, or
chewed food, from the esophagus
and excretes acids and enzymes
that break down the food.
• Peristalsis is the process of
churning that the stomach does to
help break down food.
• It releases proteases, which are
enzymes that break down protein.
• The stomach is located in the upper
part of the abdominal cavity,
between the small intestine and
esophagus.
Small Intestine
• The small intestine is a 22 foot
long tube that turns the semi
digested matter in the stomach
into a liquid form so nutrients
can be extracted.
• The broken down food in the
stomach enters the small
intestine through a valve that
lets it in.
• In the liquid state, the small
intestine takes out nutrients
from food that the body uses.
• The small intestine uses
enzymes from the pancreas.
• It also uses bile from the liver to
help break down food.
Colon
• The colon is also known as the large
intestine.
• It is six feet in length.
• The main function of the colon is to
prepare the waste for excretion of the
body.
• The colon takes the liquid stool from the
small intestine and in the end turns it
into a solid state.
• The colon takes out the water from
stool so it becomes solid and stores it.
• Usually about once or twice per day, a
“movement” of the bowels occur and
the stored solid stool will move into the
rectum, where it is released.
• The colon is broken into three main
parts; ascending, transverse, and
descending.
• The ascending colon and descending
go vertical, while the transverse is
horizontal.
Rectum/Anus
• The rectum is an eight inch
chamber that receives solid
waste from the end of the
descending colon.
• It hold the stool for a brief period
of time, before the sphincter
muscles of the anus release,
letting the stool go out of the
body.
• The role of the rectum and anus
is to release waste from the body.
• They have no real purpose in the
actual absorption of nutrients.
Gallbladder
• The gallbladder is
located under the liver
and releases bile that
helps the body break
down fatty food.
• It can sense when fatty
food enters the
stomach, and thus
releases liquids that
help break down the
fats.
• It is about eight inches
in length and four
inches in diameter.
The Liver
• The liver is the vital organ
located above the
stomach that is
responsible for filtering
toxins from food.
• It also provides the
stomach with bile which
helps it break down fatty
foods.
• This makes the
gallbladder a non-vital
organ, while the liver is a
vital organ.
Pancreas
• The pancreas is
located at the end of
the stomach, near the
opening of the small
intestine.
• It excretes enzymes
that help in the
digestion of food.
• It also serves a
purpose in excreting
hormones directly into
the bloodstream.
Digestive System Disorders
and Diseases!
By Vinny Fushetto
Appendicitis
• Appendicitis is an irritation,
inflammation, and infection
of the appendix.
• Appendicitis isnt a really
important part of the
immune system but if
infected can cause death.
• The appendix can rupture
48 to 72 hours if you don’t
get medical attention fast
enough.
• If you feel pain by your
appendix make sure you
seek medical attention.
Celiac Disease
• Celiac disease is a
digestive disease that
damages the small
intestine.
• Because of a sensitivity
to gluten, which is found
in wheat, rye, barley, and
oats.
• This disease interferes
with the absorption of
nutrients from food.
• If you eat gluten this
disease damages your
small intestines.
Crohns Disease
• Is a disease where an
inflammatory bowel
disease that is a extreme
condition that may occur at
various times over a
lifetime.
• Crohn's disease is also
called ileitis or enteritis.
• It damages the smaller
intestine.
• In some cases the small
and large intestines are
damaged.
Hemorrhoids
• Hemorrhoids are blood
vessels, that are in and
around the anus and
lower rectum, that have
become swollen due to
stretching and pressure.
• These are very common
in both men and women,
and about half the
population have
hemorrhoids by age 50.
• This isnt a life threatening
disease.
• Very common in pregnant
women.
Gastritis
• Gastritis is an
inflammation of the
stomach lining.
• Drinking to much alcohol
and smoking and eating
spicy food is what can
give you this disease.
• There are many different
ways that cause this
disorder but these are just
some of them.
• Stay away from
consuming to much of
these items if you don’t
want this disease.
Stomach Cancer
• Is cancer that starts in any
part of the stomach.
• It is also called gastric
cancer.
• This is a very life
threatening disease.
• A lot of people in America
pass away each year from
this disease.
• The earlier it is found and
treated the better.
Gastroparesis
• Gastroparesis is a
stomach disorder in which
the stomach takes too long
emptying out everything.
• If food remains in the
stomach for too long, it can
cause problems such as
bacterial overgrowth from
the food sitting.
• The food can also harden
in to solid masses called,
bezoars which may cause
vomiting or nausea.
Ulcers
• An ulcer is an open sore, or
lesion, usually found on the
skin or mucous membrane
areas of the body.
• About 25 million
Americans develop at least one
ulcer during their lifetime.
• 5 Million people get affected
each year due to ulcers.
• Stomach ulcers are called
gastric ulcers
• There are many different
palaces that you can have
ulcers.
Gallstones
• Gallstones are hard,
pebble-like deposits that
form inside the gallbladder.
• Gallstones may be as small
as a grain of sand or as
large as a golf ball.
• Gallstones are usually
discovered in an annual xray.
• This is not a life threatening
disease.
Sudden Illnesses/ First Aid/
Emergency of the Digestive System
Part 3 – Lindsey Bernoskie
Pictures!
What are the most common
sudden illnesses in the Digestive
System?
• Hiccups
• Heartburn/Acid Reflux
• Throw up
• Diarrhea
Useful Terms 2
• Coughing - an important way to keep your throat and
airways clear. However, excessive coughing may
mean you have an underlying problem.
• Endoscope - a procedure that uses a lighted, flexible
endoscope to see inside the upper GI tract.
• Dysentery- an inflammatory disorder of the intestine,
especially of the colon, that results in severe diarrhea
containing mucus and/or blood in the feces with fever
and abdominal pain.
• Dysbiosis- poor digestive function
• Leaky Gut Syndrome- the name given for the condition
that allows larger food particles to pass through the
gut wall.
Useful Terms
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•
•
•
•
Diarrhea- is the condition of having three or more
loose or liquid bowel movements per day.
Hiccups - is an esophageal contraction of the
diaphragm that repeats several times per minute.
Digestive System - is the mechanical and chemical
breaking down of food into smaller components that
can be absorbed into a blood stream, for instance.
Heartburn- also known as acid reflux, is a painful
and burning sensation in the esophagus, just behind
the breastbone, usually associated with regurgitation
of gastric acid.
Irritable bowel syndrome refers to a disorder of the
lower intestinal tract. It involves abdominal pain and
abnormal bowel movements. Emotional stress often
makes the symptoms worse.
What is a hiccup?
Hiccups
A Hiccup is defined as the involuntary contraction of
the diaphragm — the muscle that separates your chest from
your abdomen and plays an important role in breathing.
• Causes of hiccups
– Eating too much
– Drinking carbonated
beverages
– Excessive
consumption of
alcohol
– Sudden temperature
changes
– Excitement or
emotional stress
-Prevention of Hiccups
DON’T:
- Eat
large meals
- Drink carbonated
beverages or
alcohol
- Have Sudden
changes in
temperature
Hiccups Continued
• FUN FACT :In 2007, a
teenager from
Washington State in the
United States hiccuped
around 50 times a minute
for more than five weeks.
After her hiccups
returned, her neurologist
suggested that she may
have Tourettes
syndrome, and the
hiccups may be a "tic"
caused by Tourette's
Heartburn/ Acid Reflux
Acid Reflux and Heartburn is defined as: A common
condition and an abnormal one in which acid in the stomach
rises up into the esophagus.
• Symptoms
– Burping
– Nausea after
eating
– Stomach fullness
or bloating
– Upper abdominal
pain and
discomfort
Prevention
-People with heartburn should
avoid or reduce consumption of
foods and beverages that contain
caffeine, chocolate, peppermint,
spearmint, and alcohol.
- Physicians often advise patients
with Acid Reflux to cut down on
fatty foods.
- Increasing protein may help
strengthen
-Whole grain products
-Eat fruits and vegetables,
although avoid acidic vegetables
and fruits
This is a picture of acid reflux - which
is the burning in or around your
stomach from eating food.

Diarrhea causes death amongst
young children and is just too much
water in the stool. Diarrhea could also
lead to dehydration.

Diarrhea
Diarrhea is defined as: A familiar
phenomenon with unusually frequent or
unusually liquid bowel movements,
excessive watery evacuations of fecal
material.
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What are Causes of
Diarrhea?
Viruses
Bacteria and parasites
Medications
Lactose
Fructose
Artificial sweeteners
Surgery
How to treat Diarrhea?
-Drinking lots of fluids
-Eat probiotic yogurt.
-BRAT diet: bananas,
rice, apples or applesauce,
and dry toast.
-Avoid diarrhea
medications
Symptoms of Diarrhea?
-Frequent, loose,
watery stools
-Abdominal cramps
-Abdominal pain
-Fever
-Blood in the stool
-Bloating
Throw Up/ Vomit
• Throw up or vomit is defined as:To
eject part or all of the contents of the
stomach through the mouth, usually in a
series of involuntary spasmic
movements.
Symptoms Of Vomiting:
-Involuntary expulsion of food from
mouth and nose
-Increased saliva
-Dizziness
-Light-headedness
-Difficulty in swallowing food or liquid
-Changes in skin temperature
-Increase in heartbeat rate
-Increased sensitivity to certain smells
-Changes in the taste of some foods
Causes of Vomiting:
-central causes (signals from
the brain)
-association with another
illnesses
-medications and medical
treatments
Prevention: DON’T EAT
FAST or FOODS YOU
DON’T LIKE
Vomiting Continued
• Vomiting (known
medically as emesis
and informally as
throwing up) is the
forceful expulsion of
the contents of one's
stomach through the
mouth and
sometimes the nose.
An antiemetic is a
drug that is effective
against vomiting and
nausea.
If you have any of these problems:
• Call Mom or Dad for help
• Try the prevention tips
• Lastly, get help and call 911 if these
problems don’t stop
The End