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Reproduction
and Development
Instructor’s
Manual
Editors:
Brian A. Jerome Ph.D.
Stephanie Zak Jerome
Assistant Editors:
Louise Marrier
Lyndsey Canfield
Heidi Berry
BIOLOGY
Graphics:
Fred Thodal
Dean Ladago
Reviewers:
Stephen Trombulak Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Middlebury College
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Reproduction and Development
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Reproduction and Development
Use of Materials . . .
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Reproduction and Development. The right is restricted only for use with this
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Copyright © 2010
ISBN 9781592344833
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A Message from our Company .............................
2
Viewing Clearances ..............................................
2
Use and Copyright ................................................
3
Student Learning Objectives ...............................
5
Assessment .........................................................
6
Introducing the Program ......................................
7
Reproduction and Development
Table of Contents
Program Viewing Suggestions .............................. 7
Video Script ........................................................... 8
Answer Key to Student Assessments ...................
13
Answer Key to Student Activities ..........................
14
Preliminary Assessment .......................................
15
Post Assessement ................................................
17
Video Review ........................................................
19
Reproduction and Development Vocabulary ......... 20
Female Reproductive System ............................... 21
Male Reproductive System ...................................
22
Female Reproductive Cycle .................................. 24
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Reproduction and Development
Student Learning Objectives
Upon viewing the video and completing the enclosed activities, students will be able
to do the following:
• Define reproduction as the general process by which living things create new organisms.
• Understand that the reproductive system of males and females have different reproductive
structures.
• Explain that in the human female, eggs are produced. Also understand that fertilization and
development take place in the human female reproductive system.
• State that sperm are the male gametes.
• Understand that sexual reproduction in humans involves the female egg being fertilized by the
male sperm, resulting in a zygote.
• Explain that sperm are produced in testes. Also identify the following structures in the male
reproductive system: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s
gland, prostate, and urethra.
• State that in females the ovaries are the structures responsible for producing eggs, as well as the
hormones estrogen and progesterone.
• Identify the following female reproductive structures and describe their function: ovaries, follicle,
eggs, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix.
• Differentiate between the ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle.
• Generally describe the changes that occur during the female reproductive cycle.
• Understand the role of the following female hormones in the reproductive cycle: folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and estrogen.
• Explain that the process of menstruation involves the breakdown of endometrial tissue with the
unfertilized ovum leaving the body.
• Describe the process of fertilization during which a male sperm cell fuses with a female egg
cell to form a zygote. Understand that sperm swim through the vagina and uterus into the
fallopian tubes where fertilization occurs.
• Understand that the zygote slowly moves through the fallopian tube while undergoing a series of
cell divisions called cleavage.
• Identify the three layers of the blastocyst and list some of the structures into which they
develop.
• Describe the role of the placenta and the umbilical cord.
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Preliminary Assessment (p. 14-15):
The Preliminary Assessment is an assessment tool designed to gain an understanding of
students’ preexisting knowledge. It can also be used as a benchmark upon which to assess
student progress based on the objectives stated on the previous pages.
Reproduction and Development
Assessment
Post Assessment (p. 16-17):
The Post Assessment can be utilized as an assessment tool following student completion
of the program and student activities. The results of the Post Assessment can be compared
against the results of the Preliminary Assessment to assess student progress.
Video Review (p. 18):
The Video Review can be used as an assessment tool or as a student activity. There are
two sections. The first part contains questions displayed during the program. The second
part consists of a ten-question video assessment to be answered at the end of the video.
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Reproduction and Development
Introducing the Program
Before showing the video program to students write the term gametes on the board. Explain that
vertebrate animals produce gametes. Ask them if they can describe the function of gametes. Ask
them if they know the specific names of male and female gametes. Write the terms “egg” and
“sperm” on the board. Explain which is produced by females and which is produced by males. Tell
students to pay close attention to the video to learn more about male and female gametes, and the
strutures that produce them.
Next, ask students if they know specifically, on the cellular level, how a new organism is produced.
Write the term fertilization on the board. Explain the process of fertilization to students. Tell students
to pay close attention to the video program to learn more about the process of fertilization, as well as
the early development of the zygote.
Following the video program ask students if they have any questions. Give them the option of
writing questions on a piece of paper so they don’t feel embarrassed asking the question outloud. Use
activities from the Instructor’s Manual to reinforce content covered in the video.
Program Viewing Suggestions
The student master “Video Review” (p. 19) is provided for distribution to students. You may choose to
have your students complete this master while viewing the program or do so upon its conclusion.
The program is approximately 20 minutes in length and includes a ten-question video assessment.
Answers are not provided to the Video Assessment in the video, but are included in this manual on
page 13. You may choose to grade student assessments as an assessment tool or to review the answers
in class.
The video is content-rich with numerous vocabulary words. For this reason you may want to
periodically stop the video to review and discuss new terminology and concepts.
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This lamb was born just a few weeks ago. Her mother is standing next to her.
These baby ducks were born from their mother swimming ahead of them.
And, this child is the son of his mother and father.
These are all examples of the process of reproduction.
How does reproduction occur and, why is it so vital to the continuation of a species?
What structures and processes are involved in human reproduction?
And, how do organisms develop during the early stages of growth?
During the next few minutes we are going to explore these processes,….
… and others as we investigate reproduction and development.
Graphic Transition-Importance of Reproduction
All living things come from previously living things. This is a fundamental principle of
biology.
Whether it be a microorganism such as an amoeba,…
… a bird such as this juvenile gull,…
… a reptile such as this alligator,…
… or mammals such as these coyote pups, all originated from preexisting organisms.
The general process by which living things create new organisms is referred to as
reproduction.
Reproduction is essential to the continuation of a species.
If a species fails to reproduce, it becomes extinct.
The structures, means, and methods by which different species of organisms reproduce vary
widely.
During the next few minutes we will focus specifically on the process of reproduction and
development in humans.
Graphic Transition- The Male Reproductive System
Males and females have reproductive systems with different structures and functions.
You Decide! What sex is responsible for the production of eggs?
Females are responsible for the production of eggs. Fertilization and development also take
place in the female reproductive system.
The production of sperm occurs in the male reproductive system.
Sperm are male gametes or sex cells.
Sperm cells are haploid, meaning they carry half the genetic content necessary to form a
zygote. The other half of the genetic content comes from the woman’s egg.
Fertilization is the process of male and female gametes joining together to form a zygote.
Sperm are produced in the testes. They’re contained in the sac-like scrotum.
An important male hormone called testosterone is also generated in the testes.
During puberty, as the male body goes through hormonal and physical changes, the
testes begin to produce increased amounts of testosterone initiating sperm production and
promoting the development of secondary sex characteristics.
Like the growth of body hair, and the deepening of the voice.
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Reproduction and Development
Video Script: Reproduction and
Development
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Video Script: Reproduction and
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33. Each testis consists of small, coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules. There are between 300
and 600 tubules in each testis.
34. Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules but then move to the epididymis where
they mature and are stored.
35. Mature sperm exit the epididymis through a tube called the vas deferens.
36. The two vas deferens empty to the urethra, the same structure through which urine empties.
37. As sperm enter the urethra, the seminal vesicles, Cowper’s glands, and the prostate gland
secrete fluids into the urethra…
38. … that nourishes and protects sperm. That fluid mixture is called semen.
39. Once semen exits the penis, it is capable of fertilizing a woman’s egg.
40. Graphic Transition- The Female Reproductive System
41. As we mentioned earlier, the female reproductive system produces eggs that potentially can be
fertilized by male sperm to form a zygote.
42. Eggs are created in a woman’s ovaries. Ovaries also produce the female hormones estrogen
and progesterone.
43. You Observe! How many ovaries do you see?
44. The female reproductive system includes two ovaries. They are only about four centimeters
long and two centimeters wide.
45. However, each ovary amazingly contains about 200,000 small egg sacs called follicles. Each
follicle contains an immature egg.
46. While women are born with thousands of egg sacs, only about 500 ever mature during the
woman’s life.
47. When the egg sac matures, its follicle moves to the surface of the ovary, breaks open and
releases the egg.
48. It’s a process referred to as ovulation.
49. The egg then travels through the oviduct, also called the fallopian tube. If fertilization occurs,
it happens here. Then the egg travels to the thick-walled muscular uterus.
50. It is in the uterus that the fetus develops.
51. At the bottom of the uterus is the cervix.
52. That’s the opening into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body.
53. Now let’s take a look at the female reproductive cycle.
54. Graphic Transition-The Female Reproductive Cycle
55. In the human female, an egg matures and leaves one of the ovaries about every 28 days.
56. A series of changes in the reproductive system regulated by numerous hormones in the body
control the reproductive process broadly referred to as the female reproductive cycle.
57. The female reproductive cycle begins in puberty, which commonly takes place in females
sometime between the ages of 10 and 16, but it can vary widely.
58. At this time, secondary sex characteristics also occur including the development of breasts, and
the broadening of the pelvis.
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59. Let’s take a look at some of the steps in the female reproductive system based on a 28-day
cycle.
60. Two distinct processes occur in the female reproductive cycle.
61. The ovarian cycle refers to changes that occur in the ovaries.
62. The changes that occur in the lining of the uterus are referred to as the menstrual cycle.
63. These two cycles are primarily regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the
pituitary glands, and the ovaries.
64. We’ll briefly outline these events based on a 28-day cycle using diagrams. But, keep in mind
the length of a woman’s cycle can vary.
65. Let’s begin at day one, when the pituitary glands release two hormones: follicle-stimulating
hormone, or FSH for short, and luteinizing hormone, or LH.
66. FSH stimulates a follicle to develop into an egg.
67. As the follicle develops, increasing amounts of another hormone, estrogen are produced.
68. Estrogen stimulates the endometrium, that’s the lining of the wall of the uterus. It grows new
tissue and blood vessels in preparation for the uterus to receive a fertilized egg.
69. When the amount of estrogen reaches a certain level, the pituitary gland releases increased
amounts of LH and FSH. This usually occurs around 12 to 14 days in the 28-day cycle.
70. You Observe! What happens as the level of LH increased?
71. The high amount of LH triggered the follicle to release an ovum in the process called
ovulation.
72. The ruptured follicle then forms a structure called the corpus luteum that releases significant
amounts of other hormones – progesterone and estrogen.
73. The extra progesterone and estrogen stimulate the endometrium to grow even thicker.
74. The ovum, released at around day 14, travels through the fallopian tube over several days.
75. This is when fertilization may occur. If it does, the fertilized ovum than becomes embedded
in the endometrium, the enriched lining in the uterus, resulting in pregnancy.
76. But, if fertilization does not occur, levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, and the
blood-rich endometrial tissue begins to break down.
77. That tissue, along with the unfertilized ovum leave the body in a process called menstruation.
78. Menstruation, also commonly referred to as a “period”, lasts approximately three to seven
days.
79. Graphic Transition – Fertilization and Development
80. The development of a human organism begins with fertilization.
81. Fertilization involves the fusing of a male sperm and a female ovum, also referred to as an
egg, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
82. The zygote then slowly moves through the fallopian tube as it gradually undergoes a series
of cell divisions referred to as cleavage.
83. In the process of cleavage, the zygote repeatedly divides, and develops into a ball of cells
called a morula.
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Reproduction and Development
Video Script: Reproduction and
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Video Script: Reproduction and
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84. After several days the morula continues to undergo cell division, eventually forming a hollow
ball of cells called a blastocyst.
85. After about a week, the blastocyst becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus in a process
called implantation, this signifies the beginning of pregnancy.
86. Following implantation, the blastocyst further develops into a three-layered structure, the
gastrula.
87. The three layers, referred to as germ layers, eventually give rise to specific body tissues and
organs.
88. The outer layer, the ectoderm, develops into the nervous system and skin.
89. The middle layer, the mesoderm develops into the muscles, bones, kidneys, heart, blood
vessels and reproductive system.
90. And, the endoderm, the inner layer, gives rise to the liver, lungs, certain glands, and the
digestive system.
91. Following the development of the germ layers, a more complex embryo forms which has two
outer membranes – the chorion and amnion.
92. The chorion contributes to an important structure called the placenta through which gases,
nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the embryo.
93. The umbilical cord is a tube that connects the embryo to the placenta.
94. Because many dangerous substances such as nicotine, drugs, and alcohol can negatively
impact the development of the embryo, pregnant mothers are discouraged from using these
substances that can be transferred to the embryo.
95. From the ninth week of development until birth the developing embryo is referred to as a
fetus.
96. By the ninth week the major body systems have developed.
97. By 14 weeks the hands, arms, legs, feet, nose, eyes, and ears have developed.
98. From about four months until birth the fetus grows rapidly.
99. The length of pregnancy, referred to as the gestation period is about nine months in humans.
100. At around nine months of development a pituitary hormone called oxytocin increases which
stimulates the birth process.
101. During labor the uterus contracts rhythmically for several hours. Sometimes for many hours.
102. The opening to the cervix widens, and strong rhythmic contractions push the fetus out through
the vagina.
103. After the baby is born it begins to breathe on its own.
104. Graphic Transition – Video Review
105. During the past few minutes we investigated the fascinating processes of human reproduction
and development.
106. We began by discussing the importance of reproduction to the survival of a species.
107. Next, we specifically discussed the structures and functions of the male reproductive
system,…
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108. … and then those of the female reproductive system.
109. The complex activities of the female reproductive cycle were highlighted – specifically the
ovarian and menstrual cycles.
110. The means by which fertilization of an egg by a sperm were explored.
111. Last, we discussed some of the amazing steps involved in the early development of
the human organism, rounding out our discussion of the fascinating topic of human
reproduction and development.
112. Graphic Transition – Video Assessment
Fill in the correct word to complete the sentence.
1. The process by which living things create new organisms is ____.
2. Male gametes are referred to as ____.
3. ___ are the structures responsible for the production of male gametes.
4. The male sex hormone is _____.
5. The ____ are responsible for creating eggs and some hormones.
6. _____ is the process by which a follicle releases an egg.
7. ____ involves endometrial tissue and the unfertilized ovum leaving the body.
8. The process of ______ involves the fusing of a male sperm and female ovum.
9. The beginning of ____ is signified by the implantation of the blastocyst on the uterine wall.
10. The ____ cord is a tube that connects the embryo to the placenta
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Reproduction and Development
Video Script: Reproduction and
Development
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Reproduction and Development
Answer Key to Student Assessments
Preliminary Assessment (p. 15-16)
1. c - reproduction
2. b - fertilization
3. a - sperm
4. a - growth of body hair
5. d - eggs
6. c - ovulation
7. a - 28 days
8. b - menstrual cycle
9. a - hormones
10. d - testosterone
11. c - endometrial tissue
12. b - menstruation
13. a - cleavage
14. a - pregnancy
15. d - 9 months
16. The primary purpose of the reproductive system in
males and females is to produce new organisms.
17. Fertilization involves the fusion of a male sperm and
female egg to form a zygote.
18. Ovulation involves a mature egg being released from
a follicle in an ovary. Ovulation occurs about every 28
days in humans.
19. The menstrual cycle involves changes that occur to
the wall of the uterus. It is primarily regulated by various
hormones.
20. The placenta is a structure through which gases,
nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the mother
and embryo. The umbilical cord is a tube that connects
the embryo to the placenta.
Post Assessment (p. 17-18)
1. d - 9 months
2. b - menstrual cycle
3. b - menstruation
4. c - reproduction
5. a - pregnancy
6. a - sperm
7. a - hormones
8. c - ovulation
9. a - growth of body hair
10. a - cleavage
11. d -eggs
12. d - testosterone
13. b - fertilization
14. a - 28 days
15. c - endometrial tissue
16. Ovulation involves a mature egg being released from
a follicle in an ovary. Ovulation occurs about every 28
days in humans.
17. The placenta is a structure through which gases,
nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the mother
and embryo. The umbilical cord is a tube that connects
the embryo to the placenta.
18. Fertilization involves the fusion of a male sperm and
female egg to form a zygote.
19. The primary purpose of the reproductive system in
males and females is to produce new organisms.
20. The menstrual cycle involves changes that occur to
the wall of the uterus. It is primarily regulated by various
hormones.
Video Review (p. 19)
1. Females are responsible for the production of eggs.
2. The female reproductive system includes two ovaries.
They are only about four centimeters long and two
centimeters wide.
3. The high amount of LH triggered the follicle to
release an ovum in the process called ovulation.
Video Assessment (p. 19)
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reproduction
sperm
testes
testosterone
ovaries
ovulation
menstruation
fertilization
pregnancy
umbilical
Vocabulary (p. 20)
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k - reproduction
i - sperm
a - testes
f - testosterone
m - seminiferous tubules
b - semen
o - ovaries
g - follicles
c - ovulation
j - estrogen
n - menstrual cycle
d - fertilization
h - blastocyst
l - placenta
e - gestation period
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Female Reproductive System (p. 21)
a.
b.
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d.
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1.
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uterus - thick-walled muscular organ. This is where the fetus develops.
vagina - the opening that leads to the outside of the body.
ovary - this is where eggs are created; also the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced in the ovary.
cervix - a structure located at the bottom of the uterus.
fallopian tube - the tube through which a mature egg travels to the uterus.
There are two ovaries in the female reproductive system.
Eggs are created in the ovaries. The ovaries also produce hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovulation is the process of a mature egg being released by a follicle in an ovary. Ovulation occurs about every 28 days,
but this can vary.
4. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube.
5. The fertilized egg develops in the uterus after implantation occurs on the wall of the uterus.
Reproduction and Development
Answer Key to Student Activities
Male Reproductive System (p. 22-23)
a.
b.
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g.
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4.
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vas deferens - the tube through which mature sperm exit the epididymis.
seminiferous tubules - small, coiled tubes where sperm cells are produced.
epididymis - the structure where sperm cells mature and are stored.
seminal vesicle - secretes one of the fluids that make up semen into the urethra that nourishes and protects sperm.
prostate gland - a gland that secretes fluid to make up semen.
Cowper’s gland - a gland that secretes a fluid into the urethra as the sperm enters the urethra. This fluid can be found in
semen.
urethra - the structure through which semen and urine exit the penis.
Sperm refers to male gametes or sex cells.
Fertilization is the process of male and female gametes joining together to form a zygote.
Sperm cells are produced in the testes. An important male hormone called testosterone is also generated in the testes.
Examples of male secondary sex characteristics include body hair, and deepening of the voice.
The prostate gland and Cowper’s gland secrete fluid that contributes to the mixture that makes up semen. Also included
in the mixture are sperm cells.
Female Reproductive Cycle (p. 24-25)
a. progesterone
b. estrogen
c. luteinizing hormone (LH)
d. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
1. The female reproductive cycle refers to a series of changes regulated by numerous hormones that control the
reproductive process.
2. The ovarian cycle refers to changes that occur in the ovaries, whereas the menstrual cycle refers to changes that occur in
the lining of the uterus.
3. The female reproductive cycle is approximately 28 days long, but this can vary.
4. The structure in the bottom part of the diagram is the wall of the uterus. It is referred to as endometrial tissue.
5. Estrogen is the female hormone that stimulates the thickening of endometrial tissue. This occurs around days 11 and 12
of the reproductive cycle.
6. At around day 13 and 14 the follicle releases a mature egg. This process is called ovulation.
7. If the egg is not fertilized, levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. The endometrial tissue begins to breakdown.
The tissue along with the unfertilized egg leave the body in a process called menstruation.
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Preliminary Assessment
Directions: Circle the best answer for each of the following:
1. The general process by which living things create new
organisms is referred to as:
a. growth
b. evolution
c. reproduction
d. mitosis
2. The process of male and female gametes joining to
form a zygote is:
a. meiosis
b. fertilization
c. diffusion
d. incubation
3. The male testes are responsible for producing:
a. sperm
b. eggs
c. estrogen
d. nerve cells
4. An example of a male secondary sex characteristic is:
a. growth of body hair
b. breast enlargement
c. broadening of the pelvis
d. estrogen production
5. Ovaries are responsible for producing hormones as
well as:
a. sperm
b. blood cells
c. semen
d. eggs
6. The process of a follicle releasing an egg is referred to
as:
a. menstruation
b. growth
c. ovulation
d. excretion
7. In the human female, an egg matures and leaves one
of the ovaries approximately every:
a. 28 days
b. 365 days
c. two years
d. 24 hours
8. Changes that occur in the lining of the uterus during
the female reproductive cycle are generally referred
to as the:
a. ovarian cycle
b. menstrual cycle
c. female cycle
d. body cycle
Reproduction and
Development
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Name:
9. The ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle are primarily
regulated by:
a. hormones
b. the heart
c. lungs
d. nerve centers
10. Which of the following is not a female hormone:
a. estrogen
b. follicle-stimulating hormone
c. progesterone
d. testosterone
11. During the menstrual cycle the lining of the uterus
changes in preparation for a fertilized egg to be
received. The specific tissue lining the uterus
is referred to as:
a. vascular tissue
b. nerve tissue
c. endometrial tissue
d. endothelium tissue
12. If the uterus does not receive a fertilized egg, the
tissue breakdown on the wall of the uterus and the
unfertilized egg exit the body in a process called:
a. fertilization
b. menstruation
c. mitosis
d. deterioration
13. The fertilized zygote moves through the fallopian
tube as it gradually undergoes a series of cell
divisions referred to as:
a. cleavage
b. parthenogenesis
c. ovulation
d. menstruation
14. After about a week the zygote becomes implanted in
the wall of the uterus signifying the beginning of:
a. pregnancy
b. cell growth
c. birth
d. regeneration
15. The length of pregnancy, referred to as the gestation
period, is about how long in humans?
a. 12 months
b. 16 months
c. 7 months
d. 9 months
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Preliminary Assessment
Name:
Directions: Answer the following using complete sentences:
16.
What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system?
17. What is involved in the process of fertilization?
18. What is ovulation? About how often does this occur?
19. What is the menstrual cycle? What regulates it?
20. What is the role of the placenta and umbilical cord?
Reproduction and
Development
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Post Assessment
Directions: Circle the best answer for each of the following:
1. The length of pregnancy, referred to as the gestation
period, is about how long in humans?
a. 12 months
b. 16 months
c. 7 months
d. 9 months
2. Changes that occur in the lining of the uterus during
the female reproductive cycle are generally referred
to as the:
a. ovarian cycle
b. menstrual cycle
c. female cycle
d. body cycle
3. If the uterus does not receive a fertilized egg, the
tissue breakdown on the wall of the uterus and the
unfertilized egg exit the body in a process called:
a. fertilization
b. menstruation
c. mitosis
d. deterioration
4. The general process by which living things create new
organisms is referred to as:
a. growth
b. evolution
c. reproduction
d. mitosis
5. After about a week the zygote becomes implanted in
the wall of the uterus signifying the beginning of:
a. pregnancy
b. cell growth
c. birth
d. regeneration
6. The male testes are responsible for producing:
a. sperm
b. eggs
c. estrogen
d. nerve cells
7. The ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle are primarily
regulated by:
a. hormones
b. the heart
c. lungs
d. nerve centers
Name:
9. An example of a male secondary sex characteristic is:
a. growth of body hair
b. breast enlargement
c. broadening of the pelvis
d. estrogen production
10. The fertilized zygote moves through the fallopian
tube as it gradually undergoes a series of cell
divisions referred to as:
a. cleavage
b. parthenogenesis
c. ovulation
d. menstruation
11. Ovaries are responsible for producing hormones as
well as:
a. sperm
b. blood cels
c. semen
d. eggs
12. Which of the following is not a female hormone:
a. estrogen
b. follicle-stimulating hormone
c. progesterone
d. testosterone
13. The process of male and female gametes joining to
form a zygote is:
a. meiosis
b. fertilization
c. diffusion
d. incubation
14. In the human female, an egg matures and leaves one
of the ovaries approximately every:
a. 28 days
b. 365 days
c. two years
d. 24 hours
15. During the menstrual cycle the lining of the uterus
changes in preparation for a fertilized egg to be
received. The specific tissue lining the uterus
is referred to as:
a. vascular tissue
b. nerve tissue
c. endometrial tissue
d. endothelium tissue
8. The process of a follicle releasing an egg is referred to as:
a. menstruation
b. growth
c. ovulation
d. excretion
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Post Assessment
Name:
Directions: Answer the following using complete sentences
16.
What is ovulation? About how often does this occur?
17. What is the role of the placenta and umbilical cord?
18. What is involved in the process of fertilization?
19. What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system?
20. What is the menstrual cycle? What regulates it?
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Video Review
Name:
Directions: Answer these questions as you watch the video:
1. You Decide!
What sex is responsible for the production of eggs?
2. You Observe!
How many ovaries do you see?
3. You Observe!
What happens as the level of LH increased?
Video Assessment
Directions: After you watch the video, fill in the blank to complete the sentence.
1. The process by which living things create new organisms is ____________________.
2. Male gametes are referred to as _______________.
3. _______________ are the structures responsible for the production of male gametes.
4. The male sex hormone is ____________________.
5. The _______________ are responsible for creating eggs and some hormones.
6. ____________________ is the process by which a follicle releases an egg.
7. ____________________ involves endometrial tissue and the unfertilized ovum leaving the
body.
8. The process of ____________________ involves the fusing of a male sperm and female ovum.
9. The beginning of _______________ is signified by the implantation of the blastocyst on the
uterine wall.
10. The _______________ cord is a tube that connects the embryo to the placenta.
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Reproduction and Development
Vocabulary
Name:
Directions: Unscramble the vocabulary words in the first column. Match the words to the definitions in the second
column.
____ 1. pdtnrcrueooi _______________________
____ 2. emsrp ______________________
____ 3. eesstt ______________________
____ 4. ssretoeeottn _______________________
____ 5. ofisrnsiueem luetbsu
__________________________________
____________________________
____ 6. msene ______________________
a. Male reproductive structures that are contained in a
sac-like scrotum; responsible for producing sperm
and testosterone.
b. A mixture of fluids that also contain sperm cells.
c. The process of a mature egg being released from an
ovary; occurs approximately every 28 days.
d. The process of a male sperm cell fusing with a
female ovum resulting in the formation of a zygote.
e. Term used to refer to the length of pregnancy; is
approximately nine months in humans.
f. Male sex hormone produced by testes; stimulates
development of male reproductive system and
secondary sex characteristics.
____ 7. soeviar ________________________
g. Egg sacs located in ovaries that contain immature
eggs.
____ 8. eclosifll ________________________
h. A hollow ball of cells that becomes embedded in the
wall of the uterus signifying the beginning of
pregnancy.
____ 9. anooviutl _______________________
____ 10. ensetgro ________________________
____ 11. nrlsatume cceyl ____________________
__________________
____ 12. otzlteiirafin ________________________
____ 13. sylcatsbot ________________________
i. Male gametes (sex cells).
j. A female hormone that stimulates the development of
the secondary sex characteristics and regulates the
reproductive cycle.
k. The process by which living things create new
organisms.
l. A structure through which gases, nutrients, and
wastes are exchanged between mother and the
embryo.
____ 14. ecaatlnp ______________________
m. Numerous, small, coiled tubes located in the testes
that produce sperm cells.
____ 15. teigtasno rdiepo _____________________
n. Changes that occur in the lining of the uterus over
approximately 28 days.
______________________
o. Female reproductive structures responsible for
producing eggs as well as the hormones estrogen
and progesterone.
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Female Reproductive
System
Name:
Background: The female reproductive system produces eggs that potentially can be fertilized by
male sperm to form a zygote. Eggs are created in a woman’s ovaries. Ovaries also produce the female
hormones estrogen and progesterone. The female reproductive system includes two ovaries. They are
only about four centimeters long and two centimeters wide. However, each ovary amazingly contains
about 200,000 small egg sacs called follicles. Each follicle contains an immature egg. While women are
born with thousands of egg sacs, only about 500 ever mature during the woman’s life. When the egg sac
matures, its follicle moves to the surface of the ovary, breaks open and releases the egg. It’s a process
referred to as ovulation. The egg then travels through the oviduct, also called the fallopian tube. If
fertilization occurs, it happens here. Then the egg travels to the thick-walled muscular uterus. It is in
the uterus that the fetus develops. At the bottom of the uterus is the cervix. That’s the opening into the
vagina, which leads to the outside of the body.
Directions:
1. Read the Background section.
2. Below is a simplified diagram of the main structures in the female reproductive system. Study the
diagram.
3. Label the following structures on the diagram: ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
4. State the general function of each structure.
5. Answer the questions.
e.
c.
d.
a.
b.
Questions:
1. How many ovaries are in the female reproductive system?
2. What do ovaries produce?
3. What is ovulation, and about how often does it occur?
4. Where does fertilization occur?
5. In what part of the female reproductive system does the fertilized egg develop?
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Male Reproductive
System
Name:
Background: Males and females have reproductive systems with different structures and functions. The
production of sperm occurs in the male reproductive system. Sperm are male gametes or sex cells. Sperm cells
are haploid, meaning they carry half the genetic content necessary to form a zygote. The other half of the genetic
content comes from the woman’s egg. Fertilization is the process of male and female gametes joining together
to form a zygote. Sperm is produced in the two testes. They’re contained in the sac-like scrotum. An important
male hormone called testosterone is also generated in the testes. During puberty, as the male body goes through
hormonal and physical changes, the testes begin to produce increased amounts of testosterone initiating sperm
production and promoting the development of secondary sex characteristics. These include the growth of body
hair, and the deepening of the voice. Each testis consists of small, coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules.
There are between 300 and 600 tubules in each testis. Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules but
then move to the epididymis where they mature and are stored. Mature sperm exit the epididymis through a
tube called the vas deferens. The two vas deferens empty to the urethra, the same structure through which urine
empties. As sperm enter the urethra, the seminal vesicles, Cowper’s glands, and the prostate gland secrete fluids
into the urethra that nourishes and protects sperm. That fluid mixture is called semen. Once semen exits the
penis, it is capable of fertilizing a woman’s egg.
Directions:
1. Read the Background section.
2. Study the diagrams of the male reproductive system.
3. Label the following structures on the diagram of the testis: seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, and
epididymis.
4. Label the following structures on the second diagram on the following page: prostate gland, seminal
vesicles, urethra, and Cowper’s gland.
5. State the general function of each structure.
6. Answer the questions at the bottom of the following page.
c.
a.
b.
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Male Reproductive
System
Name:
d.
e.
f.
g.
Questions:
1. What is sperm?
2. Describe the process of fertilization.
3. What is produced in the testes?
4. List two examples of male secondary sex characteristics.
5. What glands secrete fluids that contribute to the mixture that makes up semen?
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Female Reproductive
Cycle
Name:
Background: In the human female, an egg matures and leaves one of the ovaries about every 28 days.
A series of changes in the reproductive system regulated by numerous hormones in the body control
the reproductive process broadly referred to as the female reproductive cycle. The female reproductive
cycle begins in puberty, which commonly takes place in females sometime between the ages of 10
and 16, but it can vary widely. At this time, secondary sex characteristics also occur including the
development of breasts, and the broadening of the pelvis.
Let’s take a look at some of the steps in the female reproductive system based on a 28-day cycle.
But, keep in mind the length of a woman’s cycle can vary. Two distinct processes occur in the
female reproductive cycle. The ovarian cycle refers to changes that occur in the ovaries. The
changes that occur in the lining of the uterus are referred to as the menstrual cycle. These two
cycles are primarily regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the pituitary glands,
and the ovaries. Let’s begin at day one, when the pituitary glands release two hormones: folliclestimulating hormone, or FSH for short, and luteinizing hormone, or LH. FSH stimulates a follicle
to develop into an egg. As the follicle develops, increasing amounts of another hormone, estrogen
are produced. Estrogen stimulates the endometrium, that’s the lining of the wall of the uterus. It
grows new tissue and blood vessels in preparation for the uterus to receive a fertilized egg. When
the amount of estrogen reaches a certain level, the pituitary gland releases increased amounts of LH
and FSH. This usually occurs around 12 to 14 days in the 28-day cycle. The high amount of LH
triggers the follicle to release an ovum in the process called ovulation. The ruptured follicle then
forms a structure called the corpus luteum that releases significant amounts of other hormones progesterone and estrogen. The extra progesterone and estrogen stimulate the endometrium to grow
even thicker.
The ovum, released at around day 14, travels through the fallopian tube over several days. This
is when fertilization may occur. If it does, the fertilized ovum then becomes embedded in the
endometrium, the lining in the uterus, resulting in pregnancy. But, if fertilization does not occur,
levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease and the blood-rich endometrial tissue begins to
breakdown. That tissue along with the unfertilized ovum leave the body in a process called
menstruation. Menstruation, also commonly referred to as a “period”, lasts approximately three to
seven days.
Materials: colored pencils, diagram of Female Reproductive Cycle
Directions:
1. Read the Background section above and obtain the materials listed.
2. On the following page is a diagram that illustrates a number of changes in the female
reproductive cycle over 28 days. The top part of the diagram charts four different hormones.
The structures in the middle of the diagram are follicles. The structure at the bottom of the
diagram represents the wall of the uterus called the corpus luteum. The numbers at the very
bottom represent number of days in the complete cycle.
3. Identify and color the lines that represent the following hormones: estrogen, progesterone,
luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
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Female Reproductive
Cycle
Name:
Hormones:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Questions:
1. Generally speaking, what is the female reproductive cycle?
2. Explain the difference between the ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle.
3. Approximately how long (in days) is the female reproductive cycle?
4. Describe the structure that is illustrated at the bottom of the diagram. What is it called?
5. What hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrial tissue?
6. Describe what occurs to the follicle around day 13 and 14? What is this process called?
7. What happens to the endometrial tissue if the egg does not get fertilized?
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