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Anatomy and Physiology I Joints Instructor: Mary Holman Joints - Articulations A functional point of contact between two bones, between bones and cartilage, or between bone and teeth. • bind skeletal parts together while still permitting growth • facilitate movement in response to muscular contractions • the study of joints is Arthrology • the study of motion is Kinesiology Types of Joints Functional Classifications --- Synarthrosis - immovable – Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable – Diarthrosis - freely movable Structural Classifications – Fibrous Joints – Cartilaginous Joints – Synovial Joints Fibrous Joints Suture Syndesmosis Interosseus membrane of leg Tibia Gomphosis Periodontal ligament Fibula Anterior tibiofibular ligament (interosseus ligament) Connective tissue Alveolar process of mandible Medial malleolus Crown of tooth Lateral malleolus Root of tooth Fig. 8.5 Cartilaginous Joints Synchondrosis Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis First rib Costal cartilage Thoracic vertebra Epiphyseal plates Symphysis Fibrocartilage Intervertebral discs Manubrium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.7 Structure of a Typical Synovial Joint Frontal plane Spongy bone Joint capsule Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Six subtypes of Synovial Joints Mobility High Low • • • • • • Ball-and-socket Condylar Saddle Plane Hinge Pivot Fig. 8.9a Ball-and-socket joint Hip bone Head of femur in acetabulum Femur * Shoulder joint is another example Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.9b Condylar joint Metacarpal Phalanx *Also joint between radius of lower arm and scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus (wrist) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.9f Saddle joint First metacarpal Trapezium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.9c Plane (planar) joint Carpals *Also between navicular and lateral and middle cuneiforms in tarsus (ankle) and many others Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.9d Hinge joint Humerus Radius Ulna * Also interphalangeal joints Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.9e Pivot joint anterior Dens Transverse ligament Atlas Axis posterior *Also radioulnar joints Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Types of Movement at Synovial Joints • Gliding - planar joints • Angular movement • Rotation • Special - occur only at certain joints Angular Movement Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Hyperextension Flexion Extension Extension Flexion Angular Movement Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Angular Movement - Abduction, Adduction Abduction Adduction © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Angular Movement - Abduction, Adduction Abduction Adduction Angular Movement - Circumduction Fig. 8.11a Circumduction © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.11b Medial rotation Rotation Lateral rotation © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.11c Special Movements Supination Pronation © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Special Movements Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Special Movements Fig. 8.12 Inversion Eversion Also: Opposition Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Fig. 8.14a Right Shoulder Coracohumeral ligament Anterior view Acromion process Clavicle Coracoid process Transverse humeral ligament Subscapular bursa Tendon of Biceps Brachii (long head) Articular capsule (glenohumeral ligaments hidden) Humerus Scapula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.13a Shoulder Joint - Frontal section Subdeltoid bursa Clavicle Synovial membrane Acromion process Joint capsule Joint cavity Humerus Articular cartilage Scapula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.14b Right Shoulder Joint -Lateral view opened Joint capsule Clavicle Acromion process Coracoid process Glenohumeral ligaments Glenoid labrum Scapula Glenoid cavity Triceps brachii (long head) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.16a Right Elbow Joint Medial view Humerus Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Anular ligament Medial epicondyle Radius Articular capsule Interosseous membrane Ulna Coronoid process Ulnar collateral ligament Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.16b Right Elbow Joint Lateral view Humerus Lateral epicondyle Anular ligament Radius Interosseous membrane Ulna Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.15a Left Elbow Medial view -sagittal section Humerus Joint capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity Articular cartilage Coronoid process Anular ligament Radius Ulna Olecranon bursa Olecranon process Trochlea Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.19 Right Hip Joint Ligaments Ilium Ilium Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament Pubis Ischium Greater trochanter Ischiofemoral ligament Lesser trochanter Femur (a) Anterior view Femur (b) Posterior view Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.18a Right Hip Joint Frontal section Hip bone Joint cavity Articular cartilage Ligamentum capitis Synovial membrane Joint capsule Femur Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.21a Right Knee - Bent Anterior view Posterior cruciate ligament Femur Medial condyle Lateral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Patellar ligament (cut) Fibula Tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Patellar Ligament Quadriceps femoris tendon (patellar tendon) Patella Patellar ligament Fig. 8.21b Left Knee - Posterior view Femur Plantaris muscle (cut) Tendon of adductor magnus (cut) Joint capsule Gastrocnemius Muscle (cut) Oblique popliteal ligament Tendon of semimembranosus (cut) Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Popliteus muscle (cut) Fibula Tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.20a Knee Joint Sagittal section Synovial membrane Suprapatellar bursa Femur Quadriceps femoris tendon (patellar tendon) Prepatellar bursa Patella Joint cavity Articular cartilage Menisci Patellar ligament Tibia Infrapatellar bursa Joint capsule Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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