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KEY:
Italics – indicate a muscle action
Bold-face – indicates a muscle that also has a characteristic origin (O) and insertion (I)
Region 1: Head, Neck, and Back
Trapezius – Elevate, adduct, and stabilize scapula; extend head
Rhomboideus major – Elevate and adduct scapula
Rhomboideus minor – Elevate and adduct scapula
Levator scapulae – Elevate scapula
Sternocleidomastoid – Rotate head, flex neck, elevate sternum
Latissimus Dorsi – Extend, adduct, and medially rotate arm at shoulder
Region 2: Calf
Gastrocnemius (two heads) – plantar flex foot; flex leg at knee
O: Medial and lateral condyles of the femur
I: Calcaneus
Soleus – Plantar flex foot
O: Fibula, soleal line of tibia
I: Calcaneus
Plantaris – Plantar flex foot
Popliteus – Medially rotate tibia
Tibialis Anterior – Dorsiflex and invert foot
O: Lateral condyle and body of tibia
I: First metatarsal and first cuneiform
Peroneus (fibularis) longus – Evert foot
Region 3: Upper Limb (scapula and posterior limb)
Supraspinatus – Abducts arm
O: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Infraspinatus – Lateral rotation of arm
O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Subscapularis – Medial rotation of arm
O: Subscapular fossa of scapula
Teres Minor – Lateral rotation of arm
O: Lateral border of scapula
I: Greater tubercle of humerus
I. Greater tubercle of humerus
I: Lesser tubercle of humerus
I: Greater tubercle of humerus
(NOTE: SUPRASPINATUS, INFRASPINATUS, SUBSCAPULARIS, AND
TERES MINOR ARE THE FOUR MUSCLES THAT MAKE UP THE
ROTATOR CUFF.)
Teres Major – Extend, adduct, and medially rotate arm
O: Inferior angle of scapula
I: Distal to lesser tubercle of humerus
Deltoideus – Abduct arm at shoulder
O: Spine of scapula, acromion process of scapula, clavicle
I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Triceps Brachii (three heads) – Extends elbow
O. (Long head): Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula I: Olecranon process of ulna
O. (Lateral head): Lateral and posterior surface of humerus, superior to the
groove for radial nerve
I: Olecranon process of ulna
O. (Medial head): Posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
I: Olecranon process of ulna
Region 4: Posterior Thigh
Biceps Femoris (two heads) – Extend thigh at hip; flex leg at knee
O. (Long Head): Ischial tuberosity I: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
O. (Short Head): Linea aspera
I: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Semitendinosus – Extend thigh at hip; flex leg at knee
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial surface of body of tibia
Semimembranosus – Extend thigh at hip; flex leg at knee
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial condyle of tibia
(NOTE: BICEPS FEMORIS (TWO HEADS), SEMITENDINOSUS, AND
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS ARE THE THREE MUSCLES THAT MAKE UP THE
HAMSTRINGS.)
Gluteus maximus – Extend thigh at hip, laterally rotate thigh at hip
Gluteus medius – Abduct thigh at hip, medially rotate thigh at hip
Region 5: Thorax and Abdomen
Diaphragm – Inspiration
External intercostals – Elevate ribs during inhalation
Internal intercostals – Depress ribs during active exhalation
External obliques – Flex, extend, and laterally flex vertebral column
Internal obliques – Laterally flex vertebral column, compress abdomen
Transverse abdominis – Compress abdomen
Rectus abdominis – Flex vertebral column, compress abdomen
Inguinal ligament – Forms part of the insertion of the external obliques; can be found
between the inguinal canal and the femoral triangle
Psoas major – Flex and laterally rotate thigh at hip, flex trunk
Region 6: Anterior Thigh
Vastus Lateralis – Extend leg at knee
O: Greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
Vastus Medialis – Extend leg at knee
O: Linea aspera of femur
Vastus Intermedius – Extend leg at knee
O: Anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur
I: Tibial tuberosity
I: Tibial tuberosity
I: Tibial tuberosity
Rectus Femoris – Extend leg at knee; flex thigh at hip
O: Anterior inferior iliac spine
I: Tibial tuberosity
(NOTE: VASTUS LATERALIS, VASTUS MEDIALIS, VASTUS
INTERMEDIUS, AND RECTUS FEMORIS ARE THE FOUR MUSCLES
THAT MAKE UP THE QUADRICEPS.)
Sartorius – Flex and laterally rotate thigh; flex leg at knee
Gracilis – Flex, adduct, and medially rotate thigh at hip; flex leg at knee
Adductor Brevis – Adduct thigh
O: Inferior ramus of pubis
I: Linea aspera of femur
Adductor Longus – Adduct thigh
O: Inferior ramus of pubis
I: Linea aspera of femur
Adductor Magnus – Adduct, laterally rotate, and flex thigh
O: Inferior ramus of pubis and ischium, to ischial tuberosity
I: Linea aspera of femur
Pectineus – Flex and adduct thigh at hip
Region 7: Upper Limb
Biceps Brachii (two heads) – Flex elbow; supinate forearm
O. (Long Head): Supraglenoid tubercle
I: Radial tuberosity and bicipital
aponeurosis
O. (Short Head): Coracoid process of
I. Radial tuberosity and bicipital
scapula
aponeurosis
Brachialis – Flex forearm at elbow
O: Anterior surface of humerus
I: Ulnar tuberosity and coronoid
process of ulna
Coracobrachialis – Flex and adduct arm at shoulder
O: Coracoid process of scapula
I: Medial surface of humerus shaft
Pectoralis Major – Adduct, flex, and medially rotate arm
Pectoralis Minor – Depress scapula
Serratus Anterior – Abduct and protract scapula
Region 8: Knee Joint (Functions ONLY)
Lateral Meniscus – Shock absorption; improves fit of femur on tibia
Medial Meniscus – Shock absorption; improves fit of femur on tibia
Anterior Cruciate Ligament – Prevents hyperextension and anterior displacement of tibia
Posterior Cruciate Ligament – Prevents hyperflexion and
posterior displacement of tibia
Fibular Collateral Ligament – Reinforce lateral surface of joint, prevent hyper-adduction
Tibial Collateral Ligament – Reinforce medial surface of joint, prevent hyper-abduction
Transverse Ligament – Connects medial and lateral menisci
Region 9: Antebrachium
Palmaris Longus – Flex wrist
Flexor Carpi Radialis – Flex and abduct wrist
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris – Flex and adduct wrist
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus – Extend and abduct wrist
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis – Extend and abduct wrist
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris – Extend and adduct wrist
Extensor Digitorum – Extend fingers
Brachioradialis – Flex forearm at elbow, supinate and pronate radius
Region 10: Face
Frontalis – Elevate eyebrows
Temporalis – Elevate and retract mandible
Buccinator – Compress cheeks, assist in mastication (keeps food between teeth)
Orbicularis Oculi – Close eyes (squinting, blinking)
Orbicularis Oris – Close and protrude lips
Masseter – Elevate, and protract mandible