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Medical Terminology: Get Connected!
Second Edition
Suzanne S. Frucht
Chapter 6
Orthopedics
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Learning Objectives
6.1 DESCRIBE the medical specialty of
orthopedics.
6.2 UNDERSTAND the function of the
musculoskeletal system.
6.3 DEFINE orthopedic-related combining forms,
prefixes, and suffixes.
6.4 IDENTIFY the organs treated in orthopedics.
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Learning Objectives
6.5 BUILD orthopedic medical terms from word
parts.
6.6 EXPLAIN orthopedic medical terms.
6.7 USE orthopedic abbreviations.
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Introduction to Orthopedics
• Musculoskeletal system consists of:
– Bones
– Muscles
– Joints
• Bones joined together by ligaments
– Forms skeleton
– Framework of body
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Introduction to Orthopedics
• Joints
– Point where two bones meet
– Provides flexibility for movement
• Muscles
– Attached to bones by tendons
– Contract to move bones at each joint
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Orthopedics
• Also called orthopedic surgery
• Branch of medicine concerned with bones,
muscles, and joints
• Orthopedists or orthopedic surgeons
– Use medical, surgical, and physical means
– Correct defects and improve function of bones, joints,
and muscles
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Orthopedics
• Examples of conditions include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Birth defects such as spina bifida
Trauma such as fractures
Infections such as osteomyelitis
Tumors such as osteogenic sarcoma
Inflammatory conditions such as arthritis
Muscular problems such as muscular dystrophy
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Orthopedics Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
arthr/o
burs/o
chondr/o
muscul/o
my/o
myel/o
oste/o
ten/o
tendin/o
joint
bursa
cartilage
muscle
muscle
bone marrow
bone
tendon
tendon
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Bone Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
carp/o
clavicul/o
coccyg/o
cost/o
crani/o
carpus (wrist)
clavicle (collar bone)
coccyx (tailbone)
rib
skull
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Bone Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
femor/o
fibul/o
humer/o
ili/o
ischi/o
kyph/o
lord/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibula (thinner lower leg bone)
humerus (upper arm bone)
ilium (part of pelvis)
ischium (part of pelvis)
hump
bent backwards
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Bone Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
mandibul/o
maxill/o
metacarp/o
metatars/o
patell/o
mandible (lower jaw)
maxilla (upper jaw)
metacarpus (hand bones)
metatarsus (foot bones)
patella (kneecap)
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Bone Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
phalang/o
pub/o
radi/o
sacr/o
scapul/o
scoli/o
phalanges (fingers and toes)
pubis (part of pelvis)
radius (part of forearm)
sacrum (part of pelvis)
scapula (shoulder blade)
crooked, bent
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Bone Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
spondyl/o
stern/o
tars/o
tibi/o
uln/o
vertebr/o
vertebra
sternum (breast bone)
tarsals (ankle)
tibia (shin, larger lower leg bone)
ulna (part of forearm)
vertebra (back bone)
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Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
cutane/o
electr/o
fibr/o
orth/o
path/o
skin
electricity
fibrous
straight
disease
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Suffix Review
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-ac
-al
-algia
-ar
-ary
-asthenia
-centesis
• -clasia
• -cyte
pertaining to
pertaining to
pain
pertaining to
pertaining to
weakness
puncture to
withdraw fluid
surgical
breaking
cell
• -desis
• -dynia
• -eal
• -ectomy
• -genic
• -gram
• -graphy
• -ic
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surgical
fusion
pain
pertaining to
surgical
removal
producing
record
process of
recording
pertaining to
Suffix Review
• -itis
• -kinesia
• -malacia
• -metry
• -oma
• -osis
• -otomy
• -ous
• -pathy
inflammation
movement
abnormal
softening
process of
measuring
tumor
abnormal
condition
cutting into
pertaining to
disease
•
•
•
•
•
-plasty
-porosis
-rrhaphy
-rrhexis
-scope
• -scopy
• -tome
• -trophy
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surgical repair
porous
suture
rupture
instrument for
viewing
process of
visually
examining
instrument to
cut
development
Prefix Review
• a-
without
• brady-
slow
• dys-
difficult, painful,
abnormal
• inter• intra-
between
within
•
•
•
•
hyperpersubsupra-
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excessive
through
under
above
Figure 6.1 Examples of three types of joints found in the body
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Figure 6.2 The skeleton.
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Figure 6.3 Types of muscles in the body.
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Building Orthopedic Terms
For each orthopedic term introduced on the next
few slides, write the completed term in your
textbook (pg 77).
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-ac
• Suffix meaning pertaining to
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to under the ilium
subiliac
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-al
• Suffix meaning pertaining to
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the wrist
carpal
– pertaining to between the ribs
intercostal
– pertaining to between the vertebra
intervertebral
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-ar
• Suffix meaning pertaining to
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the fibula
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fibular
Arthr/o
• Combining form meaning joint
• Also called an articulation
• Formed when two bones meet
• Most joints are freely moving synovial joints
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Figure 6.4 Typical synovial joints.
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Arthr/o
• Build a term meaning:
– process of visually examining a joint
arthroscopy
– surgical fixation of a joint
arthrodesis
– record of a joint
arthrogram
arthr/o + -gram
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-ary
• Suffix meaning pertaining to
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to above the maxilla
supramaxillary
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Burs/o
• Combining form meaning bursa
• Fluid-filled sac
– Found between tendon and bone
– Serves to reduce friction
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Burs/o
• Build a term meaning:
– bursa inflammation
– surgical removal of a bursa
bursitis
bursectomy
burs/o + -ectomy
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Chondr/o
• Combining form meaning cartilage
• Tough, flexible connective tissue
• Covers ends of bones in joint
• Serves as shock absorber
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Chondr/o
• Build a term meaning:
– cartilage softening
– cartilage tumor
chondromalacia
chondroma
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Crani/o
• Combining form meaning skull
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the skull
– pertaining to within the skull
– surgical repair of the skull
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cranial
intracranial
cranioplasty
Figure 6.5 Skull.
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-eal
• Suffix meaning pertaining to
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the phalanges
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phalangeal
-ic
• Suffix meaning pertaining to
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to above the pubis
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suprapubic
-kinesia
• Suffix meaning movement
• Build a term meaning:
– slow movement
– difficult movement
– excessive movement
bradykinesia
dyskinesia
hyperkinesia
hyper- + -kinesia
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Muscul/o
• Combining form meaning muscle
• Contracts to produce movement
• Three types
– Skeletal muscle moves skeleton
– Smooth muscle produces movement in internal organs
like stomach and bladder
– Cardiac muscle produces heartbeat
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Figure 6.5 Muscles.
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Muscul/o
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to within muscle intramuscular
intra- + muscul/o + -ar
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Myel/o
• Combining form meaning red bone marrow
• Found inside bones
• Produces blood cells
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Myel/o
• Build a term meaning:
– red bone marrow tumor
– producing red bone marrow
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myeloma
myelogenic
My/o
• Another combining form meaning muscle
• Build a term meaning:
– muscle pain
– muscle weakness
– record of muscle's electricity
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myalgia
myasthenia
electromyogram
Oste/o
• Combining form meaning bone
• Hard, calcified connective tissue
• Functions
–
–
–
–
Supports and moves body
Protects internal organs like heart and lungs
Houses red bone marrow
Serves as mineral storehouse
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Figure 6.6 Bone.
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Oste/o
• Build a term meaning:
– bone cell
osteocyte
– producing bone
– bone and cartilage tumor
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osteogenic
osteochondroma
Spondyl/o
• Combining form meaning vertebra
• Build a term meaning:
– abnormal condition of a vertebra
spondylosis
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Ten/o
• Combining form meaning tendon
• Strong bands of connective tissue
• Anchors muscles to bone
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Ten/o
• Build a term meaning:
– suture of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
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Tendin/o
• Another combining form meaning tendon
• Build a term meaning:
– abnormal condition of a tendon
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tendinosis
Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
bone graft
Surgical procedure that uses a piece of bone to
replace lost bone or to fuse two bones together
bone scan
Nuclear medicine scan using radioactive dye to
visualize bones; especially useful for finding
stress fractures and bone cancer
carpal tunnel
syndrome
(CTS)
Repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure
on
tendons and nerves as they pass through carpal
tunnel of wrist
closed
fracture
Broken bone with no open skin wound; also
called simple fracture
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Figure 6.8 Nerves and blood vessels enclosed by carpal tunnel formed by wrist
bones and tendons.
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Figure 6.9 A) Closed (or simple) fracture and B) Open (or compound) fracture.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
comminuted
fracture
Bone break where bone shatters into many
small fragments
compound
fracture
Broken bone with open skin wound; also called
open fracture (see Figure 6.9)
compression
fracture
Bone break causing loss of height of vertebral
body; may result from trauma, but in
older persons, especially women, may occur in
a bone weakened by osteoporosis
contracture
Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons,
or connective tissue making it difficult
to stretch muscle
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
creatine kinase
(CK)
Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac
muscle; elevated blood levels associated
with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and
other skeletal muscle pathologies
deep tendon
reflexes (DTR)
Involuntary muscle contraction in response
to striking muscle tendon with reflex hammer;
test used to determine whether muscles
respond properly
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Figure 6.10 Testing patellar reflex with a reflex hammer.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
dislocation
Occurs when bones in joint are displaced from
normal alignment and ends of bones are no
longer in contact with each other
dual-energy
absorptiometry
(DXA)
Test using low-dose x-ray beams to measure
bone density; used to diagnose osteoporosis
fibromyalgia
Chronic condition with widespread aching and
pain in muscles and fibrous soft tissue
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Figure 6.11 The large bump on the top of the shoulder is caused by the upward
dislocation of the humerus.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
fixation
Procedure to stabilize fractured bone while it
heals; external fixation includes casts, splints,
and pins inserted through skin; internal fixation
includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires
that are put into place during a surgical
procedure called open reduction
fracture (FX, Fx)
Broken bone
greenstick fracture
Fracture with incomplete break; one side of the
bone breaks and other side only bends;
commonly seen in children because their bones
are still pliable
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
herniated
nucleus
pulposus
(HNP)
Protrusion of intervertebral disk between two
vertebrae, which puts pressure on spinal
nerves; also called herniated disk or ruptured
disk; may require surgery
impacted
fracture
Fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed
into another
kyphosis
Abnormal increase in normal outward curvature
of thoracic spine; also called hunchback or
humpback
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Figure 6.12 Protruding intervertebral disc putting pressure on a spinal nerve.
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Figure 6.13 Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
lordosis
Abnormal increase in normal forward curvature of lumbar
spine; also called swayback (see Figure 6.13)
magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
Diagnostic imaging technique that uses electromagnetic
energy to produce an image; especially useful for viewing
soft tissues, such as spinal cord and intervertebral disks
muscle atrophy
Loss of muscle bulk due to muscle disease, nervous system
disease, or lack of use; also called muscle wasting
muscular dystrophy
(MD)
One of a group of inherited diseases involving progressive
muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
Large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and antiinflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis
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Figure 6.14 MRI showing a sagittal view of the vertebral column and
intervertebral disks
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
oblique
fracture
Bone break where fracture line runs along an angle to
shaft of the bone
orthosis
Externally applied brace or splint to prevent or correct
deformities; orthotist is person skilled in making and
adjusting orthoses
osteoarthritis
(OA)
Arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion covering
bones in joint; most common in bearing weight joints;
results in bone rubbing against bone
osteoporosis
Condition that develops due to a decrease in bone mass;
results in a thinning and weakening of the bone; may
lead to pathologic fractures; most commonly seen in
older women
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Figure 6.15 A stroke patient with an orthotic brace on her right arm.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
osteogenic
sarcoma
Most common type of bone cancer; usually
begins in osteocytes found at ends of bones;
most frequently occurs in persons 10–25 years
old
pathologic
fracture
Broken bone caused by diseased or weakened
bone, not trauma
percutaneous
diskectomy
Thin catheter tube is inserted into intervertebral
disk through skin to suck out pieces of herniated
or ruptured disk; or laser is used to vaporize
disk
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
prosthesis
Any artificial device used as substitute for body part that is
either missing from birth or lost as the result of an accident
or
disease; example: artificial leg; prosthetist is person
trained in making prostheses
radiography
Diagnostic imaging procedure using X-rays to see internal
structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones
and joints
reduction
Correcting fracture or dislocation by realigning bone;
closed reduction moves bones externally; open reduction
manipulates bones through a surgical incision; open
reduction usually performed before internal fixation of
bone fragments
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Figure 6.16 X-ray of lower leg showing fractures in the tibia and fibula.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
repetitive
Group of chronic disorders with tendon,
motion disorder muscle, joint, and nerve damage caused by
prolonged periods of pressure, vibration, or
repetitive movements
rheumatoid
arthritis (RA)
Arthritis with swelling, stiffness, pain, and
degeneration of cartilage in joints caused by
chronic soft tissue inflammation; may result in
crippling deformities; an autoimmune disease
scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of spine (see Figure
6.13)
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Figure 6.17 Typical hand and wrist deformities of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
spasm
Sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
spina
bifida
Birth defect when vertebra fails to fully form around
spinal cord; ranges from mild to severe; if spinal
cord is damaged, paralysis results
spiral
fracture
Bone break in which fracture line spirals around
shaft of the bone; caused by twisting injury; often
slower to heal than other types of fractures
sprain
Ligament injury from overstretching, but without joint
dislocation or bone fracture
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
strain
Damage to the muscle or tendons from
overuse or overstretching
stress fracture
A slight bone break caused by repetitive lowimpact forces, like running, rather than single
forceful impact
total hip
arthroplasty
(THA)
Surgical reconstruction of hip with artificial hip
joint; also called total hip replacement (THR).
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Figure 6.18 A fractured femur (A); repaired with a total hip arthroplasty (B).
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
total knee
arthroplasty
(TKA)
Surgical reconstruction of knee joint with
artificial knee joint; also called total knee
replacement (TKR)
transverse
fracture
Bone break with fracture line straight across
shaft of bone
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Orthopedics Abbreviations
AE
above elbow
CTS
carpal tunnel
syndrome
AK
above knee
DTR
deep tendon reflex
BDT
bone density test
EMG
electromyogram
BE
below elbow
IM
intramuscular
BK
below knee
MD
muscular dystrophy
BMD
bone mineral
density
C1, C2, etc first cervical vertebra,
second cervical
vertebra, etc.
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Orthopedics Abbreviations
Ca
calcium
JRA
DJD
degenerative
joint disease
L1, L2,
etc
DXA
dual-energy
absorptiometry
fracture
LE
juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis
first lumbar vertebra,
second lumbar
vertebra, etc.
lower extremity
LLE
left lower extremity
herniated
LUE
nucleus pulposus
left upper extremity
FX,
Fx
HNP
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Orthopedics Abbreviations
NSAID
nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory
drug
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
OA
osteoarthritis
RLE
right lower extremity
ORIF
open reduction- RUE
internal fixation
right upper extremity
Orth,
ortho
orthopedics
T1, T2, first thoracic vertebra,
etc
second thoracic
vertebra, etc.
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Orthopedics Abbreviations
THA
total hip
arthroplasty
THR
total hip
replacement
total knee
arthroplasty
total knee
replacement
upper extremity
TKA
TKR
UE
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Combining Forms Match Up
1. carp/o
a. rib
2. chondr/o
b. muscle
3. cost/o
c. wrist
4. crani/o
d. cartilage
5. my/o
e. skull
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