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Chapter 9
Psychological Development
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ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
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Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology –
The study of how organisms change over time as the
result of biological and environmental influences
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How Do Psychologists
Explain Development?
Development is a process of
growth and change brought
about by an interaction of
heredity and the
environment
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The Nature-Nurture
Interaction
Nature-nurture issue –
Long-standing discussion over relative importance of
nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their
influence on behavior and mental processes
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The Nature-Nurture
Interaction
Twin studies –
Developmental investigations in which twins, especially
identical twins, are compared in the search for genetic
and environmental effects
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The Nature-Nurture
Interaction
Identical twins–
A pair who started life as a single
fertilized egg which later split into two
distinct individuals
Fraternal twins–
A pair who started life as two separate
fertilized eggs that happened to share the
same womb
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The Nature-Nurture
Interaction
Adoption studies –
Studies in which the adopted child’s characteristics are
compared to those of the biological family and the
adoptive family
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Performance
Gradual versus Abrupt Change
Continuity view
Discontinuity view
Age
Continuity view vs. Discontinuity view
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Gradual versus Abrupt Change
Developmental stages –
Periods of life initiated by significant
transitions or changes in physical or
psychological functioning
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Psychological Traits in Your Genes
While psychological traits are formed by interaction of
heredity and the environment, many traits have a strong
genetic influence
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What Capabilities Does the
Child Possess?
Newborns have innate
abilities for finding
nourishment, interacting with
others, and avoiding harmful
situations; the developing
abilities of infants and
children rely on learning
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Infancy
(from one month to about 18 months)
Maturation –
The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of
growth and development over time
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo.
Responds to sound
Becomes quiet when picked up
Vocalizes occasionally
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo.
Smiles socially
Recognizes mother
Rolls from side to back
Lifts head and holds it erect and
steady
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo.
Vocalizes to the smiles and talk
of an adult
Searches for source of sound
Sits with support, head steady
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo.
Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing
spoon, and ball moved across table
Sits with slight support
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo.
Discriminates strangers from familiar
persons
Turns from back to side
Makes distinctive vocalizations
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
Lifts cup and bangs it
Smiles at mirror image
Reaches for small object
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo.
Makes playful responses to
mirror
Sits alone steadily
Crawls
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo.
Vocalizes up to four different
syllables
Listens selectively to familiar
words
Pulls to standing position
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo.
Plays pat-a-cake
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo.
Stands alone
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Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo. 1 year
Walks alone
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Infancy
(from one month to about 18 months)
Babies learn through classical conditioning
Humans apparently have an inborn need for attachment
• Secure attachment
• Anxious-ambivalent attachment
• Avoidant attachment
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What Are the
Developmental Tasks of
Infancy and Childhood?
Infants and children face
especially important
developmental tasks in the
areas of cognition and social
relationships – tasks that lay a
foundation for further growth in
adolescence and adulthood
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Cognitive Development
Cognitive development –
The process by which thinking changes over time
Schemes –
Mental structures or
programs that guide a
developing child’s thoughts
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Cognitive Development
Assimilation –
Mental process that modifies new
information to fit it into existing
schemes
Accommodation –
Mental process that
restructures existing
schemes so that new
information is better understood
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
Operational
Formal
Operational
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
Operational
Formal
Operational
• Birth to about age 2
• Child relies heavily on
innate motor
responses to stimuli
• Sensorimotor
intelligence
• Mental representations
• Object permanence
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
Operational
Formal
Operational
• About age 2 to age 6
or 7
• Marked by welldeveloped mental
representation and the
use of language
• Egocentrism
• Animalistic thinking
• Centration
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
Sensorimotor
Concrete
Operational
• About age 7 to about
age 11
• Child understands
conservation but is
incapable of abstract
thought
Formal
Operational
• Conservation
• Mental operations
Preoperational
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
Operational
Formal
Operational
• From about age 12 on
• Abstract thought
appears
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Social and Emotional Development
Theory of Mind –
An awareness that other people’s
behavior may be influenced by beliefs,
desires, and emotions that differ from
one’s own
Temperament –
An individual’s characteristic manner of
behavior or reaction
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Social and Emotional Development
Most approaches to child rearing fall into
one of the following four styles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Authoritarian parents
Authoritative parents
Permissive parents
Uninvolved parents
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Age/Period
Principal Challenge
0 to 1 1/2 years
Trust vs. mistrust
1 1/2 to 3 years
Autonomy vs. self doubt
3 to 6 years
Initiative vs. guilt
6 years to puberty
Confidence vs. inferiority
Adolescence
Identity vs. role confusion
Early adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation
Late adulthood
Ego-integrity vs. despair
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The Transitions of Adolescence
Adolescence –
Developmental period beginning at
puberty and ending at adulthood
Rites of passage –
Social rituals that mark the transition
between developmental stages,
especially between childhood and
adulthood
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral
Reasoning
I. Preconventional morality
Stage 1: Pleasure/pain orientation
Stage 2: Cost/benefit orientation; reciprocity
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral
Reasoning
II. Conventional morality
• Stage 3: “Good child” orientation
• Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral
Reasoning
III. Postconventional (principled) morality
• Stage 5: Social contract orientation
• Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Culture and morality
Gender and morality
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How Do Children
Acquire Language?
Infants and children face an
especially important
developmental task with the
acquisition of language
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How Children Acquire Language
Innateness theory of language –
Children learn language mainly by
following an inborn program for acquiring
vocabulary and grammar
Language acquisition device (LAD) –
Structure in the brain innately
programmed with some of the
fundamental rules of grammar
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How Children Acquire Language
Early stages of language acquisition include the following:
•
•
•
•
•
The babbling stage
The one-word stage
The two-word stage
Telegraphic speech (short, simple sentences)
The naming explosion
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The Rules of Grammar
Grammar –
The rules of a language
Morphemes –
Meaningful units of language that make up words
Overregularization –
Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating
incorrect forms
(e.g. using “hitted” and “feets”)
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How Children Acquire Language
Other language skills
Social rules of conversation
Abstract words (e.g. hope, truth)
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