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FORCES SHAPING EARTH – (85 points total)
Directions: Go to the following website;
http://geology.com/nsta/earth-internal-structure.shtml
Select the title from the menu at the top using the titles that are in these notes. Read each site
carefully and fill in the blanks or answer the questions appropriately.
EARTH’S INTERNAL STRUCTURE
A. Three Parts of Earth’s Interior (8 points)
1. A piece of fruit, like a peach or plum, can be used to understand the
structure of the earth. Name the part of the earth that the following
fruit parts represent:(3 points)
a) The seed or pit:
b) The fleshy part of the fruit:
c) The thin skin:
Then select “Click to play animation”. Draw and label the diagram on the paper
provided, Title this drawing “3 Parts of the Earth”.(5 points)
B. Earth’s Crust (10 points)
1. Name the 2 different types of Crust, then list what each is generally
composed of.(4 points)
2. Which type of Crust is less dense allowing it to float?(1 point)
Then select “Click to play animation”. Draw and label the diagram on the paper
provided, Title this drawing “Earth’s Crust”.(5 points)
C. Earth’s Mantle (18 points total, 13 points for 1-6.)
1. The Earth’s mantle is thought to be composed mainly of
_______________________ - _________________ rock.
2. The temperature is ___________________________ immediately beneath the
__________________.
3. The temperature is _____________________ where the mantle material is in
contact with the heat-producing ____________.
4. This steady increase of temperature with depth is known as the
_________________________________ ____________________________.
5. Rocks in the upper mantle are ________________ and ________________ enough to
break under stress and produce __________________.
6. Rocks in the lower mantle are ____________ and ___________ (like silly putty)
when subjected to forces instead of breaking.
Then select “Click to play animation”. Draw and label the diagram on the paper
provided. Title this drawing “Earth’s Mantle”.(5 points)
D. Earth’s Core (10 points, 5 points for 1-4)
1. What is the Earth’s Core thought to be mainly composed of?
2. What releases the heat in the core that provides the source of the
cores internal heat?
3. The outer core is _________________________ because the temperatures
there are adequate to melt the Fe-Ni alloy.
4. The inner core is _________________ even though its temperature is
higher than the outer core. The tremendous _________________________,
produced by the weight of the overlying rocks is strong enough to
crowd the atoms tightly together to prevent the liquid state.
Then select “Click to play animation”. Draw and label the diagram on the paper
provided. Title this drawing “Earth’s Core”.(5 points)
1. Using your book and pages 564-567, complete the following
sentences.(31 points)
a) Clues to Earth’s Interior: Geologists use indirect evidence to
gather clues about the Earth’s _____________________, by studying
___________________ and ___________ that are exposed at Earth’s surface.
b) Waves: A wave travels _______________________ in solid rock than it
does in a liquid.
c) Geologists measure seismic waves, produced by _____________________
and have determined that the seismic waves speed up and slow
down in some areas, and can be bent or even stopped.
d) Rock Clues: Forces inside the Earth pushed rocks closer to the
surface where they are eventually exposed by ___________________.
e) The seismic clues, from earthquakes, and the ______________ clues
suggest that Earth is made up of ______________________ of different
kinds of materials.
f) Inner Core: When seismic waves produced by earthquakes reach
this layer they ______________ _____, indicating the inner core is solid.
g) At about ____________ , the inner core is the ____________________ part
of Earth.
h) The inner core, at the center of the Earth, also experiences the
greatest amount of _____________________.
i) The inner core makes up about _________ of the Earth’s Mass.
j) Outer Core: The outer core lies above the _______________ core and is
thought to be composed mostly of ______________________ ______________.
k) The outer core stops one type of __________________ wave and slows
down another, leading scientists to conclude that the outer core is
__________________________.
l)The outer core makes up about _________ of the Earth’s Mass.
m)The temperature at the Mantle/Outer Core boundary is thought to
only be about 3000 .
n)Scientist’s also believe the Earth’s Magnetic Field originates from
the core.
o)The Gutenberg Discontinuity separates the outer core and the
mantle.
p)Mantle: The mantle is the __________________ layer of the Earth’s
interior, making up about ______________ of the Earth’s Mass.
q)Even though it’s __________________, the mantle flows slowly, similar to
___________________.
r)The top part of the mantle is rigid (part of the Lithosphere) and
flows over a part of the mantle (called the Asthenosphere). The
____________________________ is a plastic like layer upon which the plates of
the lithosphere float and move. The Lithosphere extends to about
125 km deep, while the Asthenosphere extends to at least 250 km.
s)The top of the mantle is about 870 .
t) Crust: _________________ outermost layer is the Crust.
u)The crust is thinnest under the ________________ and thickest through
the __________________________________.
v)All features of Earth’s ______________________ are part of the crust, such
as mountains and valleys.
w)The crust makes up about __________ of the Earth’s Mass.
x)The _____________________________ is composed of the crust and the
uppermost mantle.
y)The Mohorovicic discontinuity (called the Moho for short) is the
separation between the crust and the upper mantle.
Label the Earth Diagram
Read the definitions, then label the diagram below. (6 points)
Also Draw Arrows and Label the Moho and the Gutenberg
Discontinuity on the diagram. Use your notes.
Crust - the rigid, rocky outer surface of the Earth, composed mostly of basalt and granite. The crust is thinner
under the oceans. Inner Core - the solid iron-nickel center of the Earth that is very hot and
under great pressure. Mantle - a rocky layer located under the crust - it is composed of
silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium. Convection (heat) currents carry
heat from the hot inner mantle to the cooler outer mantle. Outer Core - the molten ironnickel layer that surrounds the inner core.