Download Crystallization

Rocks
What is a rock?
a. Naturally occurring
b. Solid
c. Made of two or more minerals.
Composed mostly of these eight elements:
Oxygen-O;
Silicon-Si;
Aluminum-Al;
Iron-Fe;
Calcium-Ca;
Sodium-Na;
Potassium-K;
Magnesium-Mg
d. Their classification is based on how
they were formed.
What is a mineral?
Is naturally occurring
 Is a solid
 Is inorganic
 Has a fixed chemical formula
 Has an orderly crystalline structure
 Over 4000 minerals!
 But only eight groups commonly found in
earth’s rocks.

Rock Types by Formation
a. Igneous
1.
2.
3.
Temperatures in lower crust and
upper mantle melt rock into magma.
Approximately 1400 degrees C.
This liquid is less dense than solid
rock so it rises.
As the magma rises, magma cools
and hardens to form igneous rocks.
Rock Types by Formation
b. Sedimentary
(most common)
1.
Sediments, small pieces of rock, shells
and other organic material are carried by
wind or water and deposited.
2.
As layers of sediment deposit on top of
each other they are compacted and
cemented into sedimentary rock.
Rock Types by Formation
c. Metamorphic
1.
a result of changes that occur to
existing rocks.
2.
Changes are caused by high heat,
pressure, or by chemical reactions.
The Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle
The rock cycle shows how the three rock types
relate to each other.
Rock Cycle
There are 4 processes of rock
formation that are the links
between the rock types, sediment
and magma.
weathering,
crystallization,
lithification
metamorphism
Weathering
is the gradual wearing down of
all rock types once they are
exposed at the surface.
Crystallization
is the cooling of magma to form
an igneous rock.
Lithification
is the transformation of loose
sediment into a rock by a
slight heating and/or
cementation.
Metamorphism
occurs when a rock is subjected
to heat and pressure,
transforming a rock. This can
occur on any rock, even a
metamorphic rock.
Fig. 2.9
MAGMA
IGNEOUS
Crystallization
MAGMA
14
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
MAGMA
15
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
MAGMA
16
Weathering
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA
17
Weathering
SEDIMENT
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA
18
Weathering
SEDIMENT
Erosion & Transport
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA
Water
Wind
Ice
Gravity
19
Weathering
Volcanic
SEDIMENT
Lithification
=
Cementation
+
Compaction
IGNEOUS
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
SEDIMENTARY
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA
20
Weathering
SEDIMENT
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA
21
SEDIMENT
Weathering
Erosion
Transport
Volcanic
Can you see
IGNEOUS
any shortcuts?
Deposition
SEDIMENTARY
Plutonic
Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA
22
Weathering
SEDIMENT
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA
23
In Conclusion…
• The rock cycle demonstrates
the relationships among the
three major rock groups
• It is powered by the interior
heat of the Earth
• As well as earth’s
momentum and…
• The energy from the sun
• It involves processes on the
Earth’s surface as well as
the Earth’s interior
• It connects the “hydrologic
cycle” with the “tectonic
cycle”.