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Card Name:Science Processes
#1
Hypothesis - an informed prediction about the expected results
of an experiment.
Inference - a reasonable conclusion or assumption based on data.
Independent (Manipulating) Variable - the ‘CAUSE’ variable
controlled by the experimenter.
Dependent (Responding) Variable - the “EFFECT” variable
measured by the experimenter.
Control Group - the “normal” group used for comparison in an
experiment.
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Graphing:
5 Parts of a graph
Remember ALL graphs should include a 1) title, 2) labeled x axis, 3) labeled
y axis, 4) appropriate scales and a 5) legend.
Remember:
DRY MIX
Dependent or Responding variable on the Y axis; Independent or
Manipulating Variable on the X axis.
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Card Name:Characteristics of Life
#2
1. All living things are made of cells
A cell is the smallest unit of life; organisms may be unicellular or multicellular
2. All living things are based on a universal genetic code
Genetic traits are inherited through DNA
3. All living things must grow and develop
Some remain unicellular; others differentiate and become multicellular
4. All living things reproduce
Sexual=offspring different from parents (mitosis) ;
Asexual=offspring identical to parents (meiosis)
5. All living things obtain and use energy
Metabolism=chemical reactions where an organism builds up or breaks down materials
6. All living things respond and adapt to their environment
Will adapt and respond to stimuli to increase chances of survival
7. All living things maintain a stable internal environment
Homeostasis=internal conditions are kept constant
If something does not have ALL of the characteristics listed above, then it is NOT considered
a living thing!
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Card Name:Ecology
#3
-Autotroph: (producer) – makes own food
-Heterotroph: (consumer) – has to consume (eat) to get energy
-Ecological Niche: the range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism
lives and the way in which it uses those conditions. Basically, it’s role in the ecosystem.
-Biotic Factor: Living organisms in an environment
-Abiotic Factor: non- living factors in an environment
-Biome: ecological community with similar climate, precipitation and ecological
community.
-Primary Succession: succession that occurs with no soil; occurs on an entirely new
habitat never colonized before. (Ex. Volcanic Eruptions)
- Secondary Succession: succession that occurs where soil exists/or remains; takes
place on a previously colonized but disturbed or damaged habitat. (Ex. Wildfire)
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EXAMPLE FOOD CHAIN
Carrying Capacity: largest number of
individuals of a population that a given
environment can support.
Limiting Factors: factor that causes the
growth of a population to decrease.
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Card Name:Biochemistry
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
monomer = monosaccharides monomer = fatty acids and
(1 sugar)
glycerol
#4
NUCLEIC ACIDS
monomer = nucleotides
examples= DNA, RNA
examples= glucose, starch,
cellulose, chitin
examples= fats, oils and
waxes
function= gives us energy,
structural purposes
function= store energy,
form membranes, hormones shape= sugar, phosphate,
base
shape= E shape
shape= hexagon
function= store and
transmit genetic info
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PROTEINS
monomer/subunit= amino acids
functions= build and repair muscle and bone, fight infections and act as
ENZYMES
ENZYMES are proteins which act as catalysts. They speed up reactions in
your body by lowering the activation energy.
Substrates bind to the active site on enzymes.
Dehydration Synthesis: Monomers join together to form polymers by the
removal of water
Hydrolysis: The process of splitting a polymer into a monomer with the
addition of water.
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Card Name:Cells and Cell Parts
#5
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Card Name:Cell Energy and Transport
#6
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Card Name:Cell Cycle and Division
#7
Interphase
G1 Phase: Cell grows
S Phase: DNA is replicated
G2 Phase: Cell prepares for division
Cell Division
M Phase: Mitosis (nucleus divides in 4 phases)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis – The entire cell divides
(NOT a phase of Mitosis!)
Result of Cell Cycle – Parent Cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells, each with the exact same
number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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Cell Division Review Card - BACK
Meiosis - produces eggs and sperm (gametes) for sexual reproduction
Eggs and sperm will have HALF the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Eggs and sperm are NOT genetically identical to parent cell
Homologous chromosomes - every cell has a pair of chromosomes where one is from the Mom
and one is from the Dad
Diploid (2N) - A cell containing both sets of homologous chromosomes (Humans=46)
Haploid (N)- A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (Humans=23)
Crossing over - homologous chromosomes exchange portions, resulting in new combinations of
genes in their gametes Independent Assortment - ensures that chromosomes are randomly
assorted
Parent Cell
2N
Daughter Cell
N
Daughter Cell
N
Daughter Cell
N
Daughter Cell
N
One (diploid) parent cell produces four (haploid) daughter cells that are genetically different from parent
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Card Name:DNA Structure and Replication #8
DNA: Stores and transmits hereditary information
The subunit of DNA is a nucleotide and consists of 3 parts:
1. A sugar (deoxyribose)
2. A phosphate group
A = T (2 Hydrogen bonds)
3. A nitrogenous base
C = G (3 Hydrogen bonds)
Sugar and Phosphate make up the backbone
Nitrogen Base Pairs make up the rungs
DNA Replication Enzymes:
Helicase,
DNA Polymerase,
Ligase,
(unzips)
(matches base pairs) (seals)
Gyrase
(twists)
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Card Name:Protein Synthesis
TRANSCRIPTION (DNA to mRNA) occurs in the NUCLEUS
1. Helicase: unwinds DNA helix
2. RNA Polymerase: finds and matches RNA nucleotides to DNA.
3. Ligase: seals the DNA Helix
4. Gyrase: winds up the DNA strand.
#9
DNA to mRNA
A to U
T to A
C to G
G to C
TRANSLATION (mRNA to Protein) occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
-A codon is a (messenger) mRNA nucleotide triplet. (ex. AUG)
-The order of bases in a codon determines an amino acid.
- 64 different codons,but only 20 amino acids.
-Transfer RNA or tRNA , carries amino acids to the ribosome.
-The tRNA has an anticodon, which is a three nucleotide sequence, which are complementary to
mRNA codons.
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Transcribe:
Translate:
DNA
mRNA
Amino Acid
tRNA
TAC TTT ATC
AUG AAA UAG
MET-LYS-STOP
UAC UUU AUC
MUTATION: Random alterations / a change in DNA
1) Point Mutation – a single base is changed to another
Original AUG AAA UAG
MutationAUG AAG UAG Silent mutation (AAA & AAG are both lysine)
2)
Frameshift – a deletion or addition of a base that may significantly change the function of a
protein.
This changes every codon after the deletion or addition.
Original AUG AAA UAG
MutationAUG AGA AG (incorrect codons will result in incorrect animo acids and
incorrect or nonfunctional
protein
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Card Name:Mendelian Genetics
#10
1.. Define:
-Gene: a unit of inheritance that usually is directly responsible for one trait or character
-Allele: the different or alternate form of a gene
-Homozygous: When homologous chromosomes have the same allele at a given locus it is called
-Heterozygous: When homologous chromosomes have a different allele at a given locus it is called
-Dominant: is expressed no matter what the second allele is
-Recessive: is only expressed when the second allele is the same
-Haploid: term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only
one set of chromosomes (1N)
-Diploid: term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes (2N)
2. A man who is heterozygous for free earlobes marries a woman who has attached earlobes.
Free ears = E, attached ears = e Parental Genotypes: Ee x ee
E
e
What would the genotype ratio be for
their potential offspring? 2:2
Card Name:Evolution
e
Ee
ee
Ee
ee
#12
Evolution - change in a kind of organism over time
Vestigial Organ - organ that serves no useful function in an organism
Natural Selection -concept in which only those organisms best suited to the environment get to survive;
survival of the fittest
Homologous Structure -structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop
from the same embryonic tissues
Common Descent - principle that all living things have a common ancestor
Theory- well supported testable explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
Adaptation - inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival
Descent with Modification - principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other
species over time
Fitness- ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
Speciation - formation of a new species
Mimicry – One animal copies the appearance, Actions, or sounds of another animal
Endosymbiotic Theory – Proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by
prokaryotic cells.
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Convergent Evolution – when species with different ancestral origins have developed similar features.
Divergent Evolution – when two different species share the same ancestral origins.
Gene flow – The movement of alleles into or out of a population
Genetic drift – random changes in allele frequency
Stabilizing Selection – Favors maintaining allele frequencies Selects against extreme phenotypes
Disruptive Selection – Selects for extreme phenotypes and against the “average.” Can lead to speciation
Directional Selection – Selection that favors one phenotype over another Caused by changes in the
environment (weather, food availability, drought, or flood)
Genetic Equilibrium – a situation where allele frequencies stay the same, the frequencies do not change,
and the population will not evolve.
Mutation – random changes in DNA. To pass to the next generation it must occur in a reproductive cell.
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Card Name:Non-Mendelian Genetics #11
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Card Name:Taxonomy
#13
Taxonomy- the field of Biology that identifies and classifies organisms.
Binomial Nomenclature: “two-word” naming system used to identify organisms.
Scientific Name -consists of a genus name and a species name. Genus is always written
1st and IS CAPITALIZED. Species is always written 2nd and is NOT capitalized.
*Both names are printed and underlined or in Italics Ex: Homo sapiens or Homo
sapiens
Carolus Linnaeus- Developed the classification system in mid 1700’s. A hierarchical
format from the very broad groups (least related or the least amount of
similarities) to very specific (more precise) members.
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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Phylogeny- evolutionary relationships among organisms
Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent,
or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.
A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of
organisms.
Dichotomous Keys
A tool used for identifying organisms by using specific observable traits of the
organism.
Back
Card Name:Kingdoms
#14
Six Kingdoms
Recently, biologists recognized that Monera were composed of two distinct groups:
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Domain
Bacteria
Archae
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Cell Structures
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
# of cells
Unicellular
Unicellular
Mode of nutrition
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples
Streptococcus, E. coli
Methanogens, Halophiles
Movement
Some motile with slime or
flagella
Some motile with slime or
flagella
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Card Name:Viruses
#15
Viruses- microscopic particles that invade cells and destroy them.
-A virus is NOT a cell and is NOT living.
-Made of genetic material in a protein coat
Two Main Parts: Genetic Material & Protein Coat- Also called a capsid
Capsid-Encloses the viral genome (DNA or RNA)
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, They can not reproduce on their own, The virus
makes a host cell into a “virus making factory”, They must insert their genetic material into the
host to reproduce.
Although they have genetic information, they are not living because they: have no cells, can’t
use energy, can’t make proteins, can’t reproduce on their own
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Basic Steps of a Viral Infection
1) The genome of the virus enters the host cell.
2) The viral genome takes over its host, reprogramming the cell to copy viral nucleic acids
(transcription) and manufacture proteins from the viral genome (translation).
3) The nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres then self-assemble into viral particles and exit
the cell.
1.) Lytic Cycle –new viruses causes the cell to burst (or “lyses”), releasing newly made viruses
that will infect other cells
2.) Lysogenic Cycle – Viral DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA and then replicates along with
the cell. (does NOT cause the cell to burst right away)
Viral infections include: Flu, common cold, HIV, Hepatitis, Mono, Chicken pox.
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Card Name:Micro-organisms
Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic
unicellular
Cell wall without peptidoglycan
Motility with flagella
Autotroph or heterotroph
Environment: Extreme Environments
#16
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
unicellular
Cell wall with peptidoglycan
Motility with flagella
autotroph or heterotroph
Environment: everywhere
Protists
Eukaryotic
unicellular or multicellular
Some with cell wall of cellulose, others
With no cell wall
Some move with flagella, or cilia or amoeboid
Movement (pseudopod)
Heterotroph or Autotroph
Fungi
Eukaryotic
yeast unicellular, others multicellular
Cell wall: yes with chitin
Non-motile
Heterotroph
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Bacteria three basic shapesCocci
Bacilli
Spirilla
Bacteria reproduce in 3 ways:
3) Binary Fission, Conjugation, Spore FormationImportance of Bacteria: Decomposers, Nitrogen Fixation, Photosynthesis, Oil spill clean up,
Digestion aid and vitamin production, Foods-cheese and yogurt, Cause disease- Lyme Disease,
Tuberculosis, Strep throat, tooth decay
Importance of Fungi: antibiotics (penicillin), Eaten- bleu cheese, baking – yeast, diseases
include ring worm and athletes foot. attack and destroy crops
Three types of Protists- animal like, plant like, fungus like. Can cause disease like maleria –
which is carried by the female anapholes mosquito.
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Card Name:Body Systems
System
Muscular
Nervous
Integumentary
Respiratory
Definition
Voluntary movements; helps circulate blood,
move food through digestive
Support, protect internal organs, allow
movement, stores minerals, blood cell
formation
Converts food to be used by cells,
eliminates wastes
Growth, development, metabolism, maintain
homeostasis
Response to external and internal stimuli
Barrier against infection, temp regulator
Provides oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
Excretory
Eliminates wastes, maintains homeostasis
Circulatory
Brings oxygen, nutrients, hormones to cells,
fights infection, removes waste
Produces reproductive cells, nutures
embryo
Helps protect body from disease
Skeletal
Digestive
Endocrine
Reproductive
Lymphatic
#17
Structures
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Bones, cartilage, ligaments,
tendons
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestines, rectum
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
adrenals, ovaries, testes
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Skin, hair, nails
Nose, pharynx, larynx, lungs,
trachea
Skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters,
bladder
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Testes, penis, ovaries, vagina
White blood cells, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes
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Card Name:Plant
#18
PLANT PARTS:
Dermal Tissue is like the skin of the plant and includes the waxy cuticle to prevent
water loss.
There are TWO types of Vascular Tissue- Xylem carries water and nutrients while
Phloem carries food
Meristematic tissue produces new cells by mitosis.
Roots anchor a plant and absorb minerals and water from the soil. Monocots tend to
have fibrous roots while dicots tend to have taproots
Stems produce leaves, hold leaves up and transport substances. When stems increase
in length, this is called primary growth.
Leaves are the main site for photosynthesis. They have stomata on the underside
which allow for gas exchange. Guard cells close the stomata in dry conditions to
prevent transpiration.
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SEED PLANTS
Seed plants use flowers or cones, pollination and protection of their embryos in
seeds to allow them to reproduce without water.
Gymnosperms use cones and rely on the wind for pollination. Angiosperms use
flowers and animals aid in pollination.
POLLINATION
Anthers attached to filaments produce pollen. The pollen is transferred by either
animals or the wind. The pollen will land on the sticky stigma of another flower. The
pollen then travels down the style in pollen tubes to reach the ovary where the eggs
or ovules are. The pollen fertilizes an ovule which then becomes a seed. The ovary
around the ovule will ripen into a fruit. Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, animals
or ejection.
Card Name:Animal
#19
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Card Name:Scientists
#20
Scientists that studied cells:
Robert Hooke:
Came up with the name cells while observing cork from a tree
Anton van Leeuwenhoek:
Used single-lensed microscope to observe pond water
Matthias Schleiden:
Discovered that all plants are made of cells
Theodore Schwann:
Discovered all animals are made of cells
Scientists that studied DNA:
Watson and Crick
Built a model of DNA
Erwin Chargaff
Discovered that in DNA the # of A’s = the # of T’s
Hershey and Chase
Confirmed DNA carries the genetic code
Rosalind Franklin
Used X-ray to discover the helix shape of DNA
Scientists that looked at Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Studied inheritance of traits in pea plants, created laws of
dominance, segregation and independent assortment
Scientists that had Evolutionary Thoughts
1785 - James Hutton – Proposes that the Earth is millions not thousands of years old
1798 – Thomas Malthus – In his Essay on the Principle of Population,Malthus predicts that the human population will grow faster
than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it.
1809 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – . Through the use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits in their lifetime
The ideas are flawed but he is the first to propose a mechanism explaining how organisms change over time.
1831 – Charles Darwin – “The Father of Evolution” published a book entitled “On the Origin of Species”
1833 – Charles Lyell – in his second volume of Principles of Geography Lyell explained that Scientists should use current processes
to explain past events in geology.
1858 – Alfred Wallace – Wallace writes that the most fit of a species survived and that the traits which enabled them to survive
were then passed down to future generations eventually creating a new species.
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