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Air-Sea Interaction Contact between the atmosphere and ocean Topics • Light Transmission in Seawater • Greenhouse Effect • Oceanic Climatic Regions • Density Structure of the Ocean Topics • Light Transmission in Seawater • Greenhouse Effect • Oceanic Climatic Regions • Density Structure of the Ocean Oceanic Climatic Regions Oceanic Climatic Regions From the equator to the poles Oceanic Climatic Regions Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ Six open-ocean climatic regions: Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ Six open-ocean climatic regions: 1. Equatorial Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ Six open-ocean climatic regions: 1. Equatorial 2. Tropical Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ Six open-ocean climatic regions: 1. Equatorial 2. Tropical 3. Subtropical Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ Six open-ocean climatic regions: 1. Equatorial 2. Tropical 3. Subtropical 4. Temperate Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ Six open-ocean climatic regions: 1. Equatorial 2. Tropical 3. Subtropical 4. Temperate 5. Subpolar Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ Six open-ocean climatic regions: 1. Equatorial 2. Tropical 3. Subtropical 4. Temperate 5. Subpolar 6. Polar Equatorial Tropical Equatorial Subtropical Tropical Equatorial Temperate Subtropical Tropical Equatorial Subpolar Temperate Subtropical Tropical Equatorial Polar Subpolar Temperate Subtropical Tropical Equatorial Polar Subpolar Temperate Subtropical Tropical Equatorial Polar Subpolar Temperate Subtropical Tropical 0o Equatorial 0o Polar Subpolar Temperate 30o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o Polar 60o Subpolar Temperate 30o 60o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o Oceanic Climatic Regions Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ Oceanic climatic regions have surface waters with different temperatures and salinities Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ ✦ Oceanic climatic regions have surface waters with different temperatures and salinities Variations result from differing degrees of Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ ✦ Oceanic climatic regions have surface waters with different temperatures and salinities Variations result from differing degrees of 1. insolation Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ ✦ Oceanic climatic regions have surface waters with different temperatures and salinities Variations result from differing degrees of 1. insolation 2. precipitation Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ ✦ Oceanic climatic regions have surface waters with different temperatures and salinities Variations result from differing degrees of 1. insolation 2. precipitation 3. evaporation Insolation Solar radiation concentrated near equator Solar radiation concentrated near equator Solar radiation concentrated near equator Oceanic Climatic Regions ✦ ✦ ✦ Oceanic climatic regions have surface waters with different temperatures and salinities Variations result from differing degrees of • insolation • precipitation • evaporation Variations in T and S result in density changes 0o Equatorial 0o Equatorial Region Equatorial Region ✦ Low atmospheric pressure - ascending air Thermal Convection Nonrotating Earth Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm • wet Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm • wet • less dense Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm • wet • less dense • rises Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm • wet • less dense • rises High Pressure Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm • wet • less dense • rises High Pressure • cold Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm • wet • less dense • rises High Pressure • cold • dry Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm • wet • less dense • rises High Pressure • cold • dry • more dense Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure • warm • wet • less dense • rises High Pressure • cold • dry • more dense • sinks Atmospheric Pressure Equatorial Region ✦ Low atmospheric pressure - ascending air ✦ Weak winds - Doldrums Equatorial Region ✦ Low atmospheric pressure - ascending air ✦ Weak winds - Doldrums ✦ ITCZ - Intertropical Convergence Zone (4oN) Intertropical Convergence Zone Intertropical Convergence Zone ITCZ Ocean Hemisphere Land-Ocean Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Ocean Hemisphere Land-Ocean Hemisphere Equatorial Region ✦ Low atmospheric pressure - ascending air ✦ Weak winds - Doldrums ✦ ITCZ - Intertropical Convergence Zone ✦ Warm surface water all year Surface Water Temperatures Equatorial Region ✦ Low atmospheric pressure - ascending air ✦ Weak winds - Doldrums ✦ ITCZ - Intertropical Convergence Zone ✦ Warm surface waters all year ✦ Heavy precipitation Equator Equator ✦ Low pressure region with heavy precipitation Equator - Low Pressure Low Atmospheric Pressure Katrina Equatorial Region ✦ Low atmospheric pressure - ascending air ✦ Weak winds - Doldrums ✦ ITCZ - Intertropical Convergence Zone ✦ Warm surface waters all year ✦ Heavy precipitation ✦ Precipitation > evaporation Polar (ice) Warm temperate Highland Warm ocean current Subarctic (snow) Dry Major upwelling zones Cold ocean current Cool temperate Tropical River Equatorial Region ✦ Low atmospheric pressure - ascending air ✦ Weak winds - Doldrums ✦ ITCZ - Intertropical Convergence Zone ✦ Warm surface waters all year ✦ Heavy precipitation ✦ Precipitation > evaporation ✦ Lower than average S Surface Water Salinities Salinity Variations 0o Equatorial 0o 30o 30o Tropical 0o Equatorial 0o Tropical Region Tropical Region ✦ Strong Trade Winds Tropical Region ✦ Strong Trade Winds ✦ Winds create strong surface currents Tropical Region ✦ Strong Trade Winds ✦ Winds create strong surface currents ✦ Warm surface water all year Strong Trade Winds Tropical 0o Equatorial 0o 30o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o Subtropical Region Subtropical Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air Subtropical Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air ✦ Dry, cool air descends Subtropical Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air ✦ Dry, cool air descends ✦ Weak winds - Horse Latitudes Subtropical Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air ✦ Dry, cool air descends ✦ Weak winds - Horse Latitudes ✦ Small seasonal surface water temperature variations Subtropical Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air ✦ Dry, cool air descends ✦ Weak winds - Horse Latitudes ✦ Small seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ High evaporation, little precipitation Subtropical Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air ✦ Dry, cool air descends ✦ Weak winds - Horse Latitudes ✦ Small seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ High evaporation, little precipitation ✦ Evaporation > precipitation Polar (ice) Warm temperate Highland Warm ocean current Subarctic (snow) Dry Major upwelling zones Cold ocean current Cool temperate Tropical River Sahara Arid Outback World’s Great Deserts Subtropical Deserts Subtropical Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air ✦ Dry, cool air descends ✦ Weak winds - Horse Latitudes ✦ Small seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ High evaporation, little precipitation ✦ Evaporation > precipitation ✦ Highest S in the open ocean - as high as 37 ppt Salinity Variations Surface Water Salinities 30o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o 60o 60o Temperate 30o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o Temperate Region Temperate Region ✦ Large annual surface water temperature variations Temperate Region Large annual surface water temperature variations Temperate Region ✦ Large seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ Strong Westerlies Strong Westerlies Temperate Region ✦ Large seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ Strong Westerlies ✦ Winds create strong surface currents Temperate Region ✦ Large seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ Strong Westerlies ✦ Winds create strong surface currents ✦ Low pressure region near 60o - ascending air Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Polar Cap 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Cool, dry air falls 30° Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Tropical deciduous forest 30° Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Cool, dry air falls Polar Cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Polar Cap 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Cool, dry air falls 30° Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Tropical deciduous forest 30° Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Cool, dry air falls Polar Cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Low Pressure Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Polar Cap 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Cool, dry air falls High Pressure 30° Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Tropical deciduous forest Low Pressure 30° Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Cool, dry air falls Polar Cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain High Pressure Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Low Pressure Polar Cap 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Cool, dry air falls High Pressure 30° Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Tropical deciduous forest Low Pressure 30° Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Cool, dry air falls High Pressure Polar Cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Low Pressure Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Low Pressure Polar Cap 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Cool, dry air falls High Pressure 30° Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Tropical deciduous forest Low Pressure 30° Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Cool, dry air falls High Pressure Polar Cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Low Pressure Wet Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Low Pressure Polar Cap 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Cool, dry air falls High Pressure Dry Low Pressure Wet High Pressure Dry 30° Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Tropical deciduous forest 30° Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Cool, dry air falls Polar Cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Low Pressure Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Low Pressure Wet High Pressure Dry Low Pressure Wet High Pressure Dry Low Pressure Wet Polar Cap 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Cool, dry air falls 30° Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Tropical deciduous forest 30° Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland 60° Evergreen coniferous forest Cool, dry air falls Polar Cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises - rain Temperate Region ✦ Large seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ Strong Westerlies ✦ Winds create strong surface currents ✦ High pressure region near 60o - ascending air ✦ Heavy precipitation Temperate Region ✦ Large seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ Strong Westerlies ✦ Winds create strong surface currents ✦ Low pressure region near 60o - ascending air ✦ Heavy precipitation ✦ Precipitation > evaporation Temperate Region ✦ Large seasonal surface water temperature variations ✦ Strong Westerlies ✦ Winds create strong surface currents ✦ Low pressure region near 60o - ascending air ✦ Heavy precipitation ✦ Precipitation > evaporation ✦ Lower than average S - as low as 33 ppt Surface Water Salinities Salinity Variations 60o 60o Temperate 30o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o Subpolar 60o 60o Temperate 30o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o Subpolar Region Subpolar Region ✦ Polar Easterlies Polar Easterlies Subpolar Region ✦ Polar Easterlies ✦ Cold surface water all year Subpolar Region ✦ Polar Easterlies ✦ Cold surface water all year ✦ Seldom > 5oC Surface Water Temperatures Subpolar Region ✦ Polar Easterlies ✦ Cold surface water all year ✦ Seldom > 5oC ✦ Ice forms in the winter Subpolar Region ✦ Polar Easterlies ✦ Cold surface water all year ✦ Seldom > 5oC ✦ Ice forms in the winter ✦ Region of deep water formation AABW Formation Subpolar 60o 60o Temperate 30o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o Polar Subpolar 60o 60o Temperate 30o Subtropical 30o Equatorial 0o Tropical 0o Polar Region Polar Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air Polar Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air ✦ Near freezing surface temperatures all year Polar Region ✦ High atmospheric pressure - descending air ✦ Near freezing surface temperatures all year ✦ Does not overlie the ocean Antarctica Antarctica Arctic Seawater Salinity and Temperature Ranges Seawater Salinity and Temperature Ranges Temperature Range -2oC to 30oC Seawater Salinity and Temperature Ranges Temperature Range -2oC to 30oC Salinity Range 33 ppt to 37 ppt Seawater Salinity and Temperature Ranges Temperature Range -2oC to 30oC Salinity Range 33 ppt to 37 ppt Next Currents Michael’s Home Vertical velocity at 500 hPa, July average. Ascent (negative values) is a tracer for the ITCZ and is concentrated close to the solar equator; descent (positive values) is more diffuse.
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