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TEMA 1 3º E.S.O
The diversity of forms of relief
Relief is the distortion that we find on the Earth’s crust.
Relief has different forms in different continents.
The main forms of continental relief are: mountains, plateaux, plains and depressions.
1. Mountains: are high terrains with steep slopes.
They are generally together forming mountains systems and mountains belts.
The highest mountain belt is the Himalayas (Asia)
The longest mountain system stretches throughout America, and it includes the
‘’Rocky Mountains, the Sª Madre and the Andes’’
2. Plateaux: are extensive flat areas, they are a certain altitude above sea level.
The highest plateaux in the world are in Tibet (Asia) and in South America
‘’Altiplano’’ (Bolivian plateaux)
3. Plains: are low, flat areas. They are located on coasts and big rivers.
The longest plains are located in big rivers basins, such as the Mississippi and the
Amazon (America)
4. Depressions: are areas located below sea level.
The deepest depression in the world is the ‘’Dead Sea’’ (395 m. below the sea level)
The influence between relief of population
The Earth’s population is not distributed evenly. People prefer to live in environments
that have:




Plenty of water
A temperate climate
Valleys and plains
Source of energy
In contrast, very hot or very cold areas and places with very little or abundant rains, are
sparsely populated.
The worst regions densely populated are in the Northern hemisphere.
Most people live in the temperate zone.
The most populated continent is Asia (East and South)
But the human being have modified the relief. Such as buildings terraces on the
mountain sides or causing deforestation and increasing the erosion.
Water
Water covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface.
We can distinguish two groups:


Salt water is formed in oceans and seas. It represents more than 97% of the total
water on Earth.
Fresh water is formed in rivers, lakes, glaciers, ground water and at the poles. It
represents less than 3% of all the water on our planet.
Rivers and lakes
A river is a natural stream of water flowing on a definite course.
Many rivers start from ground water which rises and form springs. Other originated
from glaciers or lakes or from the accumulation of rainfall or from melting snow.
The flow of a river refers to the amount of water it carries. The flow varies with the
seasons.


If rivers are created from melting snow, the flow is larger in spring
If rivers are created from rainfall, the flow is longer in the rainy season.
The Amazon River has the longest flow in the world.
Lakes are permanent masses of water which have accumulated inland.
The water in lakes has different origins: precipitation, rivers, groundwater or glaciers.
The most important lakes are:
The Caspian Sea (the largest lake in the world) is in the frontier between Europe and
Asia. Lake Baikal (Asia), Lake Chad (Africa), Lake Victoria (Africa), The great Lakes
(North America), and Lake Titicaca (South America).
Problems of water
Only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh water and only 0,014% can be used for
consumption.
Some areas have lot of water while others have very little. So the main problems are
caused by: droughts and floods.
But we can have other problems such as water pollution or acid rain
Weather and Climate
Weather and climate are different.
Weather is the state of the atmosphere in a place at specific time
Climate is the state of the atmosphere in a place over a long period of time (30 years).
Elements and factors of Climate
Elements
Temperature
Precipitation
Atmospheric
pressure
Factors that have influence
Latitude: Tº decreases
progressively as we move
towards the poles.
Altitude: Tº decreases with
altitude (0,6º every 100
metres)
Distance from the sea: the
sea makes coastal climates
more temperate, so inland
climates are much hotter in
summer and much colder in
winter.
Types of rainfall:
Latitude: It rains more in the
Convectional: It is
areas near the Equator than in
characteristic of hot climates.
temperate and polar regions.
Orographic or Relief: It is
Altitude: It rains more in
characteristic in mountainous
high areas than in low areas.
regions.
Level of humidity: It rains
Frontal: It takes place at a front more on the coast than inland
(between a mass of warm air
and a mass of cold air
It is the force exeted at a
Altitude: The pressure is
specific point on the Earth´s
higher in areas with low
surface by the weight of the air altitude because there is more
above it.
air above it
- Areas of high pressure Air temperature: Hot air
are called Anticyclones weighs less tan cold air
- Areas of low pressure
are called Depressions
The quantity of heat in the
atmosphere. It is measured by
thermometer.
Depending on temperature:
- Hot climate zone
- Temperate zone
- Cold climate zone
Convectional precipitation results from the
heating of the earth's surface that causes air to rise rapidly. As the air rises, it cools and moisture
condenses into clouds and precipitation. This type of precipitation is common in the prairie provinces.
Frontal precipitation results when the
leading edge( front) of a warm air mass meets a cool air mass. The warmer air mass is forced up over the
cool air. As it rises the warm air cools, moisture in the air condenses, clouds and precipitation result.
Orographic precipitation results when warm
moist air of the ocean is forced to rise by large mountains. As the air rises it cools, moisture in the air
condenses and clouds and precipitation result on the windward side of the mountain while the leeward
side receives very little.
I.E.S. Bezmiliana
Departamento de Ciencias sociales
LOCATION
TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION VEGETATION
Equator
High and regular
About 25ºC
TROPICAL
From the Equator
to the Tropics
Higher than 18ºC
DESSERTIC
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of
Capricorn
Great variation
from day to night.
More than 18ºC
WARM
CLIMATES
ECUATORIAL
TEMPERATE
CLIMATES
MEDITERRANEAN Occidental part of No extreme
the continents in
winters (more than
medium latitudes 10ºC) and warm
and dry summers
(more than 22ºC)
OCEANIC
Coasts in the
Mild throughout
West of the
the year due to the
continents
effect of the sea.
Winters more than
0ºC and summers
less than 22ºC
CONTINENTAL
Inland of
Long, cold winter
continents
and brief and
warm summer
It is raining during
all the year.
More than 1500mm
High, more than
1000 mm. In winter
Rainforest
(Jungle)
Less than 200 mm
Irregulars
There are only a
few plants(
cactus) and palms
near oases
Irregular and low,
falling almost
always in winter.
300 – 800mm
Mediterranean
forest (holm oaks,
pine trees,
lavender…)
High (more than
800mm) and
regular throughout
the year.
Atlantic forest
Less than 600mm
and falls almost
always in winter
Coniferous forests
or Taigas
Savannah
ANIMALS
Many different
species of
animals
Herbivores
(Giraffes and
zebras)
Carnivores (lions)
Few species
adapted to dry
conditions
(camel)
SOIL
I.E.S. Bezmiliana
COLD
CLIMATES
POLAR
HIGH MOUNTAIN
Departamento de Ciencias sociales
North Pole
Always in the form
of snow
Tundre
South Pole
Always below
zero, at times can
reach minus 50º C
High mountains
in the world
Low and decreases
with the altitude
Increases with the
altitude
Changes from one
part to another
Polar bears
I.E.S. Bezmiliana
Departamento de Ciencias sociales
ACTIVITIES
1.- Unit with lines:
- It is a extensive flat area, located a
certain altitude above sea level
The Caspian sea
- It covers over 70% of the Earth surface
Weather
- The amount of water that a river carries
Plateaux
- The largest lake in the world
Water
- It is the state of the atmosphere in a place
At specific time
2.- Complete the next scheme:
Elements
Factors
…………………..
Temperature
…………………..
……………………
--------------------------Precipitation
------------------------------------------------------
…………………………
--------------------…………………………
Flow
I.E.S. Bezmiliana
Departamento de Ciencias sociales
3.- Make a map of world climates
WARM
Ecuatorial
Tropical
Dessertic
TEMPERATES
Mediterranean
Oceanic
Continental
COLD
Polar
High Mountains
I.E.S. Bezmiliana
4.-Locate the main relief of the world.
Departamento de Ciencias sociales
I.E.S. Bezmiliana
Departamento de Ciencias sociales
5.- Relate this map of vegetation with the climate (nº 3) and comment the influence of both in the distribution of population in the world