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EUROPE
THE OLD CONTINENT
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• FROM 753 BC (ACCORDING TO LEGEND) TO 285 AD.
• BROTHERS ROMULUS AND REMUS (SONS OF MARS)
• ETRUSCANS, GREEKS, LATIN HERITAGE
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• DURING THE EARLY REPUBLIC, THE ROMAN STATE GREW IN BOTH SIZE AND POWER. UNDER THE
LEADERSHIP OF THE MILITARY HERO CAMILLUS, EVENTUALLY GAINING CONTROL OF THE ENTIRE
ITALIAN PENINSULA BY 264 B.C. ROME THEN FOUGHT A SERIES OF WARS KNOWN AS THE PUNIC
WARS WITH CARTHAGE, A POWERFUL CITY-STATE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. THE FIRST TWO PUNIC
WARS ENDED WITH ROME IN FULL CONTROL OF SICILY, THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND
MUCH OF SPAIN. IN THE THIRD PUNIC WAR (149–146 B.C.), THE ROMANS CAPTURED AND
DESTROYED THE CITY OF CARTHAGE AND SOLD ITS SURVIVING INHABITANTS INTO SLAVERY,
MAKING A SECTION OF NORTHERN AFRICA A ROMAN PROVINCE. AT THE SAME TIME, ROME
ALSO SPREAD ITS INFLUENCE EAST, DEFEATING KING PHILIP V OF MACEDONIA IN THE
MACEDONIAN WARS AND TURNING HIS KINGDOM INTO ANOTHER ROMAN PROVINCE.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• THE FIRST ROMAN LITERATURE APPEARED AROUND 240 B.C., WITH TRANSLATIONS OF GREEK
CLASSICS INTO LATIN; ROMANS WOULD EVENTUALLY ADOPT MUCH OF GREEK ART,
PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION.
•
•
•
MARCUS AURELIUS (161–180) WAS DOMINATED BY CONFLICT, INCLUDING WAR
AGAINST PARTHIA AND ARMENIA AND THE INVASION OF GERMANIC TRIBES FROM THE NORTH.
THE REIGN OF
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THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
DECLINE AND DISINTEGRATION
• THE DECADENCE AND INCOMPETENCE OF COMMODUS (180-192) BROUGHT THE GOLDEN
AGE OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS TO A DISAPPOINTING END. HIS DEATH AT THE HANDS OF HIS
OWN MINISTERS SPARKED ANOTHER PERIOD OF CIVIL WAR, FROM WHICH LUCIUS SEPTIMIUS
SEVERUS (193-211) EMERGED VICTORIOUS.
•
DURING THE THIRD CENTURY ROME SUFFERED FROM A CYCLE OF NEAR-CONSTANT CONFLICT.
A TOTAL OF 22 EMPERORS TOOK THE THRONE.
• CONTINUING AGGRESSION FROM GERMANS AND PARTHIANS AND RAIDS BY THE GOTHS
OVER THE AEGEAN SEA.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• CONSTANTINE
CONSTANTIUS
EMPEROR OF A REUNIFIED ROME IN 324.
THE SON OF
EMERGED FROM THE POWER STRUGGLES AS SOLE
• HE MOVED THE ROMAN CAPITAL TO THE GREEK CITY OF BYZANTIUM, WHICH HE RENAMED
CONSTANTINOPLE. AT THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA IN 325, CONSTANTINE MADE CHRISTIANITY
(ONCE AN OBSCURE JEWISH SECT) ROME'S OFFICIAL RELIGION.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• ROME EVENTUALLY COLLAPSED LOSING ITS PROVINCES ONE BY ONE: BRITAIN AROUND 410;
SPAIN AND NORTHERN AFRICA BY 430. ATTILA AND HIS BRUTAL HUNS INVADED GAUL AND
ITALY AROUND 450, FURTHER SHAKING THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE EMPIRE. IN SEPTEMBER 476,
A GERMANIC PRINCE NAMED ODOVACAR WON CONTROL OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN ITALY.
AFTER DEPOSING THE LAST WESTERN EMPEROR, ROMULUS AUGUSTUS, ODOVACAR'S TROOPS
PROCLAIMED HIM KING OF ITALY.
JUDAISM
• JUDAISM TRACES ITS HISTORY BACK TO THE CREATION OF MANKIND, BUT THE EXPLICITLY JEWISH
HISTORICAL ORIGINS BEGIN WITH ABRAHAM AND THE HEBREWS. ACCORDING TO THE TORAH,
ABRAHAM'S HOME WAS THE NORTHERN MESOPOTAMIAN TOWN OF HARRAN.
• UNDER GOD'S COMMAND, ABRAHAM MIGRATED TO THE REGION OF CANAAN, WHICH IS
ROUGHLY EQUIVALENT TO MODERN ISRAEL AND LEBANON. FOR A TIME THE HEBREWS LIVED IN
SERVITUDE IN EGYPT, THEN RETURNED TO CANAAN.
JUDAISM
• ACCORDING TO BIBLICAL TRADITION, A FAMINE CAUSED THE
HEBREW TRIBES TO MIGRATE TO EGYPT, WHERE THEY WERE
ENSLAVED. GOD RESCUED THEM FROM BONDAGE BY AFFLICTING
THE EGYPTIANS WITH SUCCESSIVE PLAGUES THEN DROWNING THE
EGYPTIAN ARMY IN THE RED SEA TO ALLOW THE HEBREWS TO
ESCAPE.
CHRISTIANITY
• CHRISTIANITY DEVELOPED OUT OF JUDAISM IN THE 1ST CENTURY.
• IT IS FOUNDED ON THE LIFE, TEACHINGS, DEATH, AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS
CHRIST, AND THOSE WHO FOLLOW HIM ARE CALLED "CHRISTIANS.“
• THE THREE MAJOR BRANCHES OF CHRISTIANITY ARE ROMAN CATHOLICISM,
EASTERN ORTHODOXY, AND PROTESTANTISM.
CHRISTIANITY
• BY REFUSING TO HONOR THE GODS OF ROME, CHRISTIANS
AROUSED FEARS THAT THE GODS WOULD PUNISH ROME. THIS LED
TO SUSPICIONS, RUMORS, AND WAVES OF PERSECUTIONS. BY THE
START OF THE 2ND CENTURY, BEING A CHRISTIAN WAS PUNISHABLE
BY DEATH.
THE GODS OF ROME
• JUPITER: WAS THE MASTER
OF THE GODS AND THE MAIN GOD OF THE
ROMANS. IN HIS HAND
HE HELD THUNDERBOLTS WHICH HE COULD HURL FROM THE SKY
• JUNO: WAS THE WIFE OF JUPITER, THE GODDESS OF WOMEN
WERE A POMEGRANATE AND A PEACOCK.
• MARS: WAS THE GOD OF WAR, THE STRONGEST
JUPITER.
• VENUS: GODDESS OF LOVE AND BEAUTY.
AND FERTILITY.
HER SYMBOLS
AND MOST FEARSOME GOD, EXCEPT FOR
CHRISTIANITY
Major Roman persecution of Christians
Emperor
Domitian
Marcus Aurelius
Decius
Diocletian
Reign
81-96 AD
161-180 AD
249-251 AD
284-305 AD
CHRISTIANITY
•
IN ROMAN CITIES AND TOWNS, CHRISTIANITY'S COMMUNAL LIFE AND SOCIAL
GENEROSITY DREW ATTENTION AND CONVERTS TO THE MOVEMENT.
• IN 312 CONSTANTINE DECLARED HIMSELF A CHRISTIAN AND
LEGALIZED CHRISTIANITY HE ISSUED THE EDICT OF MILAN:
EQUALITY AMONG RELIGIONS.
THE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE
THE CRUSADES
• THE FIRST CRUSADE (1096) FLOURISHING COMMUNITIES OF JEWS ON THE
RHINE AND THE DANUBE WERE ATTACKED RUTHLESSLY
•
THE SECOND
CRUSADE (1147) CONTINUED
THROUGH FRANCE
• THE THIRD CRUSADE (1188) JEWS AND OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS WERE
EXPELLED FROM ENGLAND