Download The Heart

The Heart
• A four-chambered, hollow muscular pump that
circulates blood throughout the cardiovascular
system.
• It lies slightly to the left of the midline and has
three linings:
– Endocardium
• The inner lining of the heart.
– Myocardium
• The muscular, middle layer of the heart.
– Pericardium
• The outer, membranous sac surrounding the heart.
Cardiovascular System Animation
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Figure 9.1
Tissues of the heart.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Heart Chambers Animation
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The Heart
• The heart is divided into right and left heart by
a partition called the septum. Each side has an
upper and lower chamber:
– Atria, or upper chamber
– Ventricles, or lower chambers
The Heart
• Right atrium is located at the right upper
portion. It is a thin-walled space that receives
blood from all body parts except the lungs.
• Two large veins, superior and inferior vena
cavae, bring the blood to the right atrium.
The Heart
• Left atrium is located at the left upper portion.
It receives blood rich in O2 as it returns from
the lungs via the right and left pulmonary
veins.
The Heart
• Right Ventricle
– Located at the right lower portion, it receives blood
from the right atrium through the atrioventricular (AV)
valve and pumps it through a semilunar valve to the
lungs.
• Left Ventricle
– Located at the left lower portion, it receives blood
from the left atrium through the atrioventricular (AV)
valve and pumps it through a semilunar valve to a
large artery known as the aorta and from there to all
parts of the body except the lungs.
The Heart
• Heart Valves
– Tricuspid or right atrioventricular
– Pulmonary semilunar
– Bicuspid or mitral
– Aortic semilunar
The Heart
• The Tricuspid or Right Atrioventricular Valve
– Guards the opening between the right atrium and
right ventricle.
– The tricuspid valve allows the flow of blood into the
ventricle and prevents its return to the right atrium.
• The Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
– The exit valve for blood leaving the right ventricle is
located between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery.
– It allows blood to flow from the right ventricle
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
The Heart
• The Bicuspid or Mitral Valve
– Also known as the left atrioventricular, it is
located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
– It allows blood to flow to the left ventricle and
closes to prevent its return to the left atrium.
The Heart
• The Aortic Semilunar Valve
– The exit point for blood leaving the left ventricle is
located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
– It allows blood to flow into the aorta and prevents
its return to the ventricle.
Figure 9.2
Valves of the heart.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Fetal Heart Development Animation
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Figure 9.3
Coronary circulation. (A) Coronary vessels portraying the complexity and extent of the coronary circulation. (B) Coronary vessels that supply the anterior surface of the heart.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.3
Coronary circulation. (A) Coronary vessels portraying the complexity and extent of the coronary circulation. (B) Coronary vessels that supply the anterior surface of the heart.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Vascular System of the Heart
• The heart has its own vascular system.
• The coronary arteries supply the heart with
blood, and the coronary veins, draining into
the coronary sinus, collecting the blood and
returning it to the right atrium.
Figure 9.4
The functioning of the heart valves and blood flow.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Flow of Blood
• Blood flows through the heart, to the lungs,
back to the heart, and to various parts of the
body.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbmWLXp
L0Aw
The Flow of Blood
• Blood from the superior and inferior vena
cavae enters the right atrium.
• Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into
the right ventricle.
• Right ventricle pumps blood through the
pulmonary semilunar valve into the left and
right pulmonary arteries.
The Flow of Blood
• Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs
where the blood gives up waste and takes on
O2 as it passes through capillaries (microscopic
blood vessels with thin walls that allow the
passage of O2 and nutrients to the body and
lets the blood pick up waste and CO2) and into
veins.
The Flow of Blood
• Blood leaves lungs through the left and right
pulmonary veins carrying it to the left atrium.
The Flow of Blood
• The oxygenated blood passes through the
bicuspid or mitral valve into the left ventricle.
• The blood is pumped through the aortic valve
and into the aorta.
• The aorta supplies a branching system of
smaller arteries that connects to tiny
capillaries throughout the body.
Cardiac Cycle Animation 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF68qhyfcoM&feature=relate
d
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Heartbeat
• The heartbeat is controlled by the autonomic
nervous system and is generated by
specialized neuromuscular tissue of the heart.
• The average heartbeat (pulse) is between 60
and 100 beats per minute for the average
adult.
• The heart rate may be affected by emotions,
smoking, disease, body size, age, stress, the
environment, and many other factors.
Heartbeat
• Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
– Also known as the pacemaker of the heart, is
located the upper chamber of the right atrium,
just below the opening of the superior vena cava.
– It consists of a dense network of Purkinje fibers
(atypical muscle fibers), considered to be the
source of the impulses initiating the heartbeat.
– Electrical impulses discharged by the SA node are
distributed to the right and left atria and cause
them to contract.
Heartbeat
• Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
– Located beneath the endocardium of the right
atrium, the AV node transmits electrical impulses
to the bundle of His.
– Extends from the AV node into the intraventricular
septum, where it divides into two branches within
the two ventricles. The Purkinje fibers include the
bundle of His and the peripheral fibers, which end
in the ventricular muscles, where the excitation of
the muscle is initiated, causing contraction.
Electrocardiogram
(ECG or EKG)
• Record of the electrical activity of the heart,
which provides valuable information in the
diagnosing of cardiac abnormalities.
Electrocardiogram Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNrTbeL2h84
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNrTbeL2h84
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Figure 9.5
Conduction system of the heart.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.6
Electrocardiogram (ECG [EKG]).
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• Normal ekg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=7N4viI
anngg&feature=fvwp
• Cardiac arrest
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_F3HGwpL7uY&fe
ature=related
• Congestive heart failure
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=Gn
pLm9fzYxU&NR=1
• Real beating heart
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnv54V8Jj1U
Figure 9.7
Major arteries of the systemic circulation.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Arteries
• Consist of a branching system of vessels that
transport blood from the right and left
ventricles of the heart to all body parts.
• All arteries have a pulse, which reflects the
rhythmical beating of the heart.
Arteries
• Following is a list of points commonly used to
check the rate, rhythm, and condition of arterial
walls:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Temporal
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis
Figure 9.8
Primary pulse points of the body.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Upper Limb Arteries Animation
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Lower Limb Arteries Animation
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Blood Pressure
• The pressure exerted by the blood on the wall
of the vessels.
• The term most commonly refers to the
pressure exerted in large arteries at the peak
of the pulse wave.
• Sphygmomanometer
• Stethoscope
Figure 9.9
Blood pressure measurement.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Blood Pressure Measurement Video
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Veins
• The vessels that transport blood from the
peripheral tissue and from the lungs to the
heart.
Figure 9.10
Major veins of the systemic circulation.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Capillaries
• Microscopic blood vessels with single-celled
walls that connect arterioles (small arteries)
with venules (small veins).
Capillaries
• Blood passing through capillaries gives up O2
and nutrients carried to this point by arteries
and picks up waste and CO2 as it enters veins.
Capillary Pressure Animation
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Life Span Considerations:
The Child
• Development of the fetal heart is usually
completed during the first two months of
gestation.
• It is completely formed and functioning by 10
weeks.
• Most congenital heart defects develop before
the 10th week of pregnancy.
• If using a fetoscope, the fetal heart can be
heard at 16 weeks.
Life Span Considerations:
The Child
• Oxygen is received by the fetus through fetal
circulation and discontinues when the
umbilicus is clamped.
• Pulse, blood pressure, and respiration will vary
according to age.
Congenital Heart Defects Animation
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Life Span Considerations:
The Older Adult
• Lifestyles have a direct effect on the
circulatory system of the older individual.
• The normal aging heart is able to provide an
adequate cardiac output.
• In some older adults, the heart must work
harder to pump blood because of:
– Arteriosclerosis
– Atherosclerosis
– Heart failure
Figure 9.11
Signs and symptoms of a patient with heart failure.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.12
Multisystem effects of heart failure.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Building Your Medical Vocabulary
•
Medical Words and Definitions with Word Parts
•
These terms (shown in black in the Building Your Medical Vocabulary feature)
can be analyzed and defined by dividing them into component parts.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prefixes (P)
Roots (R)
Combining Forms (CF)
Suffixes (S)
Building Your Medical Vocabulary
•
•
Medical Words and Definitions without Word Parts
These terms (shown in pink in the Building Your Medical Vocabulary feature)
are not usually analyzed and defined by dividing them into component parts.
Figure 9.13
Abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.14
Infarction angioma. (Courtesy of Jason L. Smith, MD)
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.15
Temporal arteritis. (Courtesy of Jason L. Smith, MD)
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.16
A permanent epicardial pacemaker. The pulse generator can be placed in subcutaneous pockets in the subclavian or abdominal regions.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.17
Schematic of an automated external defibrillator (AED) attached to a patient.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.18
Cardiomyopathy.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.19
Defibrillator (cardioverter).
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
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Figure 9.20
How microorganisms enter bloodstream and affect heart lesions, which could result in bacterial endocarditis.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.21
Hemangioma. (Courtesy of Jason L. Smith, MD)
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.22
Sclerosing hemangioma. (Courtesy of Jason L. Smith, MD)
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.23
Pulse oximetry with the sensor probe applied securely, flush with skin, making sure that both sensor probes are aligned directly opposite each other.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.24
Balloon angioplasty. (A) The balloon catheter is threaded into the affected coronary artery. (B) The balloon is positioned across the area of obstruction. (C) The balloon is then inflated, flattening the plaque against the arterial wall
(D).
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.25
Pericardiocentesis.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.26
Raynaud’s phenomenon. (Courtesy of Jason L. Smith, MD)
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.27
Symptoms of a patient in shock.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
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Figure 9.28
Placement of a balloon expandable intracoronary stent. (A) The stainless steel stent is fitted over a balloon-tipped catheter. (B) The stent is positioned along the blockage and expanded. (C) The balloon is deflated and removed, leaving
the stent in place.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.29
Telangiectasis. (Courtesy of Jason L. Smith, MD)
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.30
Thrombophlebitis. (Courtesy of Jason L. Smith, MD)
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.31
Thrombus formation in an atherosclerotic vessel depicting: (A) the initial clot formation, and (B) and (C) the varying degrees of occlusion.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.32
Development of varicose veins.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Coronary Heart Disease
• Is the most common form of heart disease
and is also referred to as Coronary Artery
Disease (CAD).
• There is narrowing of coronary arteries that
supply blood to the heart.
• It is a progressive disease that increases the
risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden
death.
Coronary Heart Disease
• Symptoms may include:
– Angina or chest pain.
– Chest pain may radiate to the neck, jaw, or left
arm.
– Shortness of breath (SOB) signifying heart failure.
Coronary Heart Disease
• Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of
death in the United States for men and
women.
Coronary Heart Disease
• Conditions that contribute to CHD include:
– Atherosclerosis.
– Combination of unhealthy lifestyle choices and
genetics.
– High levels of VLDL and LDL lipoproteins are
associated with cholesterol and triglyceride
deposits in arteries.
– Obesity.
– Diabetes mellitus.
– Hypertension.
Coronary Heart Disease Video
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Figure 9.34
Blood vessels: (A) normal artery, (B) constriction, and (C) arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.35
Atherosclerotic artery.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Peripheral Artery Disease
• A condition in which fatty deposits build up in
the inner linings of the artery walls.
• The blockages restrict blood circulation,
mainly in arteries leading to the kidneys,
stomach, arms, legs, and feet.
Peripheral Artery Disease
• Symptoms include:
– Claudication: dull cramping pain in the hips,
thighs, calves, or buttocks.
– Numbness or tingling in the leg, foot, or toes
– Impotence
– Sores or infections that do not heal
– Weakness in legs or arms
Dysrhythmia
• An abnormality of the rhythm or rate of the
heartbeat.
• It is caused by a disturbance of the normal
electrical activity within the heart.
Dysrhythmia
• The symptoms of dysrhythmias can include:
– Dizziness
– Palpitations
– Shortness of breath
– Fatigue
– Weakness
– Angina
– Fainting
Dysrhythmia
• Most are caused by heart disease such as
endocarditis and heart failure.
• They can be life threatening if they decrease
the pumping action of the heart.
• There are two types:
– Tachycardias: rapid heartbeat of over 100
beats/minute.
– Bradycardias: slow heartbeat of less than 60
beats/minute.
Dysrhythmia Video
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Hypertension
• Known as the silent killer, describes blood
pressure higher than normal.
• With HBP, the blood vessels can become tight
and constricted, causing the blood to press on
the vessel walls with extra force.
Hypertension
• Hypertension can be controlled by:
– Taking BP medication as prescribed
– Establishing healthy eating habits
– Exercising
– Avoiding stress
– Making lifestyle changes
– Regular check-ups
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Figure 9.36
Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to stroke, eye damage, heart attack, kidney failure, and peripheral artery disease.
Medical Terminology, 6e
By Jane Rice
Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Prehypertension
• Individuals aged 18 years and over with blood
pressure ranging from 120/80 to 139/89
mmHg.
• Adults at the upper end of prehypertension
are twice as likely to proceed to hypertension
as those with lower blood pressure levels.
• Lifestyle and dietary modifications are critical
in the prevention of high blood pressure.
Heart Attack
• Occurs when the blood supply to part of the
myocardium is severely reduced or stopped.
• The plaque can eventually tear or rupture,
triggering a blood clot that blocks the artery
and leads to a heart attack.
• Such an event is called a coronary thrombosis
or coronary occlusion.
• The most common symptom of a heart attack
is chest pain or angina.
Heart Attack
• The warning signs of a heart attack include:
– Pressure, fullness, squeezing pain in the center of
the chest that last for 2 minutes or longer.
– Pain that spreads to the shoulders, neck, or arms.
– Dizziness, fainting, sweating, nausea, or shortness
of breath.