Download Lesson 2_Skeletal system_notes

Skeletal System
Specialist Diploma in Sports & Exercise Sciences
Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 02
Lesson Developer: Karen Koh
Lesson Reviewer: Koh Han Chow, Lee Mei Kay
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Learning Outcomes
1.List the tissues in a bone.
2.Distinguish the difference be between the
axial and appendicular skeletons, and
name the major parts of the skeletal
system.
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3. Locate and identify the bones and the
major features of the bones that compose
the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage,
pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle,
and lower limb.
4. Classify joints according to the type of
tissue binding the bones together,
describe their characteristics, and name
an example of each.
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5. List six types of synovial joints, and
describe the actions of each.
6. Explain how skeletal muscles produce
movements at joints, and identify several
types of joint movement.
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Timetable for the day
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Lecture-1 hr
Break -10 mins
Tutorial – 1 hr
Break- 10 mins
Duscussion-30 mins
Quiz 1- 10 mins
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.
Introduction
A. Bones are very active tissues.
B. Each bone is made up of several types of
tissues and so is an organ.
C. Bone functions include: muscle
attachment, protection and support, blood
cell production and storage of minerals.
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The Skeleton: Function
• Movement
– attachment of
muscles
– leverage
• Protection
– vital organs
• Shape/Support
• Red/white blood cell
production
– rbc - ends of long
bones and flat
bones
– wbc - shafts of long
bones
• Mineral storage
– calcium, phosphorus
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TISSUES IN THE BONE
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Parts of a bone
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.
Bones differ in size and shape, yet are similar in
several ways.
Parts of a bone:
• Epiphysis
• Diaphysis
• Periosteum
• Bony grooves
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone
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THE AXIAL AND
APPENDICULAR SKELETONS
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The Skeleton
 Made up of 275 bones
at birth
 Fused to make up 206
bones at maturity
 2 parts
 Axial
 skull
 vertebral column
 sternum
 ribs
 Appendicular
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AXIAL SKELETON
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The Skeleton
• Names of bones
– Skull
• 8 Cranial, 14
Facial
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The Skeleton
• Names of bones
– Chest
• Sternum,12 pairs
ribs
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The Skeleton
• Names of bones
– Vertebral column
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7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
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The Skeleton
• Shoulder girdle
– scapula
– clavicle
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The Skeleton
• Pelvic girdle
– coxal bones:
pubis, ischium,
ilium
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The Skeleton
• Arm
– humerus
– radius
– ulna
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The Skeleton
• Hand
– wrist: 8 carpals
– palm: 5
metacarpals
– fingers: 14
phalanges
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The Skeleton
• Leg
– femur
– fibula
– tibia
– patella
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The Skeleton
• Foot
– ankle: 7 tarsals
– instep: 5
metatarsals
– toes: 14
phalanges
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Joints
• Classification of joints in the body
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CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
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Joints
• Definition
– articulation
– place where 2 or
more bones meet
• Shape
– determines how
the bones move
in relation to one
another
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Types of Joints
• 3 types
• Immoveable/Fibrous
– no joint cavity
– joined by strong
fibrous connective
tissue
– e.g. cranial sutures
in infants
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Types of Joints
• Semi-moveable/
Cartilaginous
– no joint cavity
– cartilage between
bones
– e.g sternoclavicular
joint
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Types of Joints
• Moveable/Synovial
– allow varying
degrees of range
of movement
depending on
shape
– contains synovial
fluid
– has joint cavity
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Type of joints - Table
• Refer to notes for table
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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Synovial Joints
• Identify and list the different types of
synovial joints in the body
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle
– principal
movement in one
plane about one
axis
– limited amount of
rotation/sliding
– e.g. thumb (MCP
joint)
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Factors Affecting Joint Mobility
• Articular surface
– shape
• Muscle tone
– degree of muscle
tension
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Factors Affecting Joint Mobility
• Ligament
– flexible bands
that hold bones
together
• e.g. shoulder vs hip
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JOINT MOVEMENT
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Functional anatomy
• Practical session of the different types of
movement of the body
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Types of Movement
• Rotation
– around a long axis
– external rotation
– internal rotation
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• Circumduction
– circumscribing a
conical area with a
combination of:
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flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
Types of Movement
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Supination
Pronation
Eversion
Inversion
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Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion
Elevation
Depression
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References
• Sherwood, L. (2007). Human Physiology. From
Cells to System (7th ed.). Canada: Brooks/Cole
Cengage Learning.
• Shier, D., Butler, J. & Lewis, R. (2009). Hole’s
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
(10th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
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