Download Sequencelessons-moduleOne1.15

1.
Diaphragm - Z1 to Z5 -(Muscular System)-see
respiratory Solar Plexus Z 2/3
Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a powerful sheet of muscle that separates the thorax (chest
cavity) from the abdomen. It forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the roof of the
abdominal cavity . The intercostals muscles and the diaphragm contract simultaneously,
enlarging the thoracic cavity in all directions- back to front , side to side and top to
bottom. The openings in the diaphragm house the oesophagus, aorta and inferior vena
cava. It is the main muscle involved with breathing and has several openings to allow the
passage of important structures, such as oesophagus and major blood vessels. It is part of
the musculoskeletal system. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by
the diaphragm
 Its function is as the main muscle of breathing: its contraction expands the chest
cavity causing air to enter the lungs.
 Why Work The Diaphragm: We work the diaphragm to:
 relax the whole body:
 it helps respiration problems.
 It is also associated with all stress and stress-related disorders
 It aids in slowing down breathing by releasing tension in this large muscle thus
aiding the respiratory system and reducing stress.
Sample question: Why is the diaphragm so important to working a
reflexology treatment? (1)
Stress release/ Solar plexus, helps pain
 Solar Plexus – Vagus Nerves- Central Nervous System
 The vagus nerves are part parasympathetic nervous system and pass from brain
down through the neck into the thorax and abdomen. They supply the smooth
muscles and Secretory glands of the digestive system. The solar plexus is the
chakra/energy centre that sits just in front of the diaphragm and vagus nerve
bundle.
 An extremely important reflex in Reflexology
 For combating stress and enabling relaxation
 Why Work The Solar Plexus: We work the solar plexus to:
 It is extremely important for combating stress and enabling relaxation.
 Induces deep relaxation throughout the body because of its connection to the
abdomen (physical centre of the body – hara centre – major organs), illness such
as IBS, constipation, diarrhoea are believed to be strongly influenced by stress.
 It is the most important reflex for combating stress
Location of Diaphragm and Solar Plexus: The diaphragm line is located along the
bottom of the ball of the foot from Zone 1 to 5. When the toes are pushed backwards
it is clearly seen on the lower edge of the ball of the foot. The Solar Plexus is the
hollow immediately below the hard balls in the centre of the feet just in front of the
diaphragm line between Z2 and 3.
How to Work The Diaphragm and Solar Plexus Reflexes
 Hold at waist line with supporting hand
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While holding this position use thumb of free hand to work along the diaphragm
line from Z1 to between Z2 and Z3, pointing in the direction it is going to solar
plexus.
Stop at Solar Plexus ( overlaps with the diaphragm reflex), rotate the thumb to
point tip towards head and Circle three times.
Then continue to work across the foot on the diaphragm line to Z5 and edge of the
foot pointing the thumb in this direction. You can start at either the medial or
lateral edge
Go back to the start and repeat entire process by 3. ( only once for exam
requirements)
No. 2. Adrenal glands (endocrine system)/
Adrenal Glands://Endocrine System//Zone 1
Lying on top of the kidneys are the paired adrenal glands. They play no part in the
urinary system. They are part of the endocrine system and are endocrine glands that
secrete hormones vital to the healthy functioning of the body. They produce
corticosteroids (Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the
adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiological systems
such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate
metabolism, protein catabolism,(catabolism -metabolic processes in which complex
molecules are broken down into simpler ones to release energy ) blood electrolyte levels,
and behavior. The adrenal glands help control metabolism, fluid balance, respond to
stress),
male
sex
hormones
and
adrenaline
and
noradrenalin.
Glucocorticoids such as cortisol control carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and
are anti-inflammatory by preventing phospholipids release (phospholipids are complex
lipids that contain nitrogen and phosphorus. Important in the formation of cell
membranes) Mineralocorticoids such as aldostrone (helps reabsorbtion of sodium)
control electrolyte and water levels, mainly by promoting sodium retention in the kidney.
Q. We work the adrenal glands in a colitis sufferer to improve muscle tone and reduce
inflammation
2.Urinary System – KidneysZ2/3-UretersZ2,3,1 & BladderZ1/ Vagina
Z1
The four parts of the urinary system:, Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra
Kidneys: The paired kidneys lie within the abdominal cavity against the posterior wall
just above waist height. They are part of the urinary system. Their function is to filter
blood to remove excess fluid and toxins.
They are related to the blood circulation, Ureters and bladder. The filtering units of the
kidneys are called nephrons
Each kidney is about 4” in length, reddish brown in colour and is bean shaped.
Their function is to filter blood to remove excess fluid and toxins
Water is eliminated from the body in 4 different ways: 1)Urine, 2)Sweat, 3)Respiration,
4) Bowel Movements
-The female is more prone to cystitis than the male because the urethra is much shorter in
the female so infection from outside the urethra has a shorter distance to travel.
Functions of the Kidneys
1)The excretion of water 2)Removal of waste from blood 3)Regulates amount of glucose
in the blood 4)Regulates Acid/Alkaline balance 5)Responsible for the regulation and
maintenance of electrolyte balance 6)Filter blood
Disorder of the Urinary System are:
(i) Cystitis, (ii)Kidney Stones – calculus, (iii) Nephritis (inflammation of the kidney)
(iv)Enuresis (incontinence of urine in the absence of disease e.g. bedwetting at night
)(v)Gout (vi) Incontinence.
Why work the Kidneys: To encourage better waste disposal and to assist the body in the
excretory and circulatory process
Location- Z2/3 on waist line.
Ureters
They are located at the hilus (place where structures enter and leave and organ e.g.
nerves, ducts, blood and lymphatic vessels), of the kidney and pass down the abdominal
cavity to enter the bladder. Their function is to transport urine from the kidney to the
bladder. The related parts are the kidneys and bladder. They are consisting of an outer
protective covering (adventitia), circular and longitudinal muscle layers, submuscosa
connective tissue and a lining of urothelium. The Ureters propel urine towards the
bladder by peristalsis (muscular contractions of their walls). Each Ureter is 9 ¾-12in in
length and is 3mm wide. They are multi-layered structures, they start at the kidney a and
pass down the posterior abdominal wall to cross the bony brim of the pelvis and enter the
bladder by piercing its posterior wall. The first funnel-shaped section of the Ureter is
known as the renal pelvis and lies within the hilus of the kidney. This tapers to form the
narrower ureteric tube, which continues downwards as the abdominal, then the pelvis
Ureter.
Urethra
The passage between the bladder and the exterior through which the urine is discharged
Bladder
The sphincter muscle controls urination in the female. The bladder is a hollow organ in
the lower abdomen that stores urine.
An enlarged prostate affects the bladder by putting excessive pressure on it.
Disorders:
Q-Cystitis is caused by inflammation/infection of the urinary bladder? (1)
- Sugar is evident in the urine of a diabetes sufferer- -urinary disorders –ri_Kidney
Stones, - calculus
- Nephritis, -Gout, -Incontinence
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Location and working of Adrenals Z1-2/Kidney/Ureter
Tubes/Bladder/Vagina – Urinary System
Kidney Location: Straddled between Z2 and Z3 , half way above and below the
waist line. With lateral hand thumb pointing towards toes on mid line
Adrenal Location: Z1 Just above waist line on zone 1-2 pointing towards
kidney on a diagonal veering more towards medial edge kiss-kiss medial hand
Put lateral thumb on the kidney point pointing upwards towards toes and bring
medial thumb to meet it pointing towards the heel.(kiss, kiss) Work the adrenal
then the kidney, ureters and bladder.
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Ureters Swivel Kidney thumb so it points to medial edge working sideways down
the Ureter tubes along the side of the tendon to just above the heel line (bladder).
Continue to the centre of the bladder. Work for three points at the bladder.
Bladder: The bladder is usually visible as a slightly puffy area between three and
four points walk from the medial aspect of the foot proximal to the pelvic floor
line.
Vagina: The vagina is one thumb width back towards heel and ½ width down to
spine.
Do not work back up Ureter tubes towards kidney as this may transfer any infection
present in the bladder to the kidney.
3. Spine
Spine The spine is part of the musculoskeletal system. It runs from the skull to the pelvis.
Its function is to provide support and stability for the whole body and as an attachment
point for the ribs and muscles; allowing flexible movement of the back, it also protects
the spinal cord. The parts related to it are the skull, ribs, pelvis, muscles and
ligaments…The vertebral column also houses and protects the delicate spinal cord, which
originates at the base of the brain and runs down the central cavity of the column. The 26
bones of the spine make up the column and are connected in such a way that they allow
flexibility of movement. 7 cervical vertebrae of the neck; the 12 thoracic vertebrae in the
thorax; the 5 lumbar vertebrae supporting the lower back and lastly the sacrum and
coccyx.
The different sections of the spine are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral.
The number of bones of the spine are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum
(fused) and 4 coccyx (fused). There are 33 vertebrae in the spine. 31 pair of nerves. The
first cervical vertebrae is the atlas. The discs are the shock absorbers in the spine
Disorders: Lordosis is an excessive convexity of the lumber spine. Scoliosis is a lateral
curvature of the spine
 Work down the inner edge of the foot on the medial aspect from just below nail
area on big toe to the heel.
 Follow the curve of the foot (feeling for the bone).
 Repeat the movement from the start again in the direction from heel to toe.
Cervical Spine-: from base of toe nail to one point down from the base of toe
Thoracic Spine: From two points down from the base of the toe crease to two points
above waist line
Lumbar Vertebrae-: from one point above the waist line to three points below waist line.
Sacrum and Coccyx: from four points down from waist line to the end of the spinal
reflex point
Why Treat It
Due to the huge supply of nerves directly from the spinal cord to the body, treating the
spine works not only on the skeletal and muscular structure of the area but gives a general
treatment to all the organs/structures of the body
How to work spine: On the medial edge of the foot zone 1 from heel up to the temple
bone.
.4 Pituitary Gland– Endocrine System -Z1 Big Toe
Pineal Gland – Endocrine System – Z1 Big Toe
Hypothalamus – Brain – Z1 Big Toe
Pituitary gland/endocrine system at base of skull connected by a stalk to the
hypothalamus. Its main function is as the Master Gland, it controls all other glands.
5. Regulatory functions of the Pituitary Gland:1.The body’s metabolism 2.The other
endocrine glands 3. The Sexual maturation and reproduction 4.Water balance 5.Blood
pressure.
Among the hormones it produces are: oxytocin-uterine contraction during labour and
milk ejection during lactation, vaso pressin-antiduretic (ADH), Prolactin -stimulates the
production of milk from nursing mother?
It secretes human growth hormone which regulates height and growth (dwarfism and
excessive growth), sex organ hormones which control sexual development and the
gonads (ovaries/testes), melanocyte stimulating hormone which stimulates melanin
production and finally an antiduretic hormone which regulates the functions of the
kidneys. It is located at the base of the brain and has three hormone secreting lobes. It is
the master gland of the body
 Why Work It: Working the pituitary benefits the hormonal functioning and
balance throughout the body
 Location: Center of the big toe – and helper at medial edge
Pineal Gland is part of the endocrine system. It secretes melatonin which controls the
body’s natural rhythms: depression, SAD is often associated with not enough melatonin,
which is produced in response to sunlight. It is located in the centre of the brain and its
reflex is in the centre of the big toe, which represents the brain in practically the same
place as the main pituitary reflex. When you work the pineal it benefits the pituitary and
vice versa. Working this reflex benefits the body’s overall rhythms and encourages
efficient melatonin production
 Why work it: working the pineal will benefit the body’s overall rhythms and
encourage efficient melatonin production. For depression also.
 Location: The pineal gland is directly just ½ a width above the pituitary on the
big toe on lateral edge.
 Working The Reflex
 Pineal - Stay on the pituitary gland, you are locating from here. Move one very
small point up towards the top of the toe, rock the thumb over onto its lateral edge
and circle x 3.
 Hypothalamus is the area of grey matter at the base of the brain which has links
with other nervous system parts and the pituitary gland. Its many functions
include the following: that controls body temperature, hunger, thirst and the
circadian cycles, production of hormones which control anterior pituitary
hormone secretion; neuro-secretory production of vasopressin (anti-diuretic
hormone) and oxytocin, and emotions such as rage. It links the nervous system to
the endocrine system by synthesizing and secreting releasing hormones. It is
connected to the pituitary gland via the tuberoinfundibular pathway.
 Why work it: To stimulate the hypothalamus and to help regulate the bodily
functions of temperature, hunger thirst and circadian cycles.
 Hypothalamus Location: Above pituitary medial side of the big toe
 Working the Reflex:
Without lifting the thumb, rock the thumb over onto its medial edge and give three
definite circles.
5. Head (Muscular & Skeletal Systems) - Z1 Big Toe & Brain
(Nervous System) - Z1 Big Toe – 6.Neck
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Head: The head consists of :
1. The skull is part of the skeletal system. -The skull is a bony structure located
at the top of the backbone. It functions as a bony covering that protects the brain
and sensory organs (eyes, ear, nose). It is the body’s natural crash helmet that
surround the brain and sensory organs –eyes, ears, nose , protecting them from
damage.
2. The scalp is part of the integumentary system (skin), its function is to form a
touch protective layer around the skull, it is also hair-bearing and protects against
sunlight and the cold. It is a multi-layered protective covering over the top of the
head, which stretches from the hairline at the back of the skull to the eyebrows.
3. The brain
The brain is located inside the skull. It is part of the central nervous system. It is
the control centre for all the body’s functions as well as for intellectual activity
and consciousness. It weighs about 3 lbs , about one-fiftieth of the body weight
and lies within the cranial cavity and is the most complex organ in the body. It
controls movement, bodily functions and is the centre of intellectual activity and
consciousness. It has four main parts: 1. cerebrum, 2. the cerebellum, the
diencephalons (thalamus and hypothalamus) and brainstem (consists of medulla
oblongata). These structures are formed of billions of nerve cells and fibres all
linked to each other and to the spinal cord so that messages in the form of nerve
impulses can be relayed throughout the nervous system.
 Sample Question : Name three structures of the brain? (3)
Cerebrum or forebrain
Midbrain
Pons varoli (sits in front of cerebellum, below midbrain and above medulla
oblangata).
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum or hindbrain
Why Work It:
 Working the brain reflex will affect the whole nervous system which is
controlled by the brain as well as chronic conditions such as Alzheimer’s or
Parkinson’s.
 Headaches, nervous tension and other stress-related problems will all benefit
from working these areas.
 Treatment over the top and sides of the big toe is covering the brain, cranial
nerves and sides of the head and ears
 Treatment on the base of the toe (sole) is covering the back of the head including
the systems connected with it (bones, muscles, nerves, blood supply, brain etc.)
 Treatment of the front of the big toe is covering the face (nose, mouth, jaw, gums,
teeth)
 .Neck
The neck is defined as the region lying between the bottom of the lower jaw and
the top of the clavicle (collar bone). Its function is to connect the head to the
body, allowing movement of the head, houses important structures such as the
trachea and oesophagus. It is made up of skin, muscle, connective tissue, spinal
cord, vertebrae, trachea, oesophagus, thyroid gland. These vital structures are
packed together between layers of connective tissue which serves to protect and
anchor them.
Why Work It:
 Working the muscular/skeletal system will relax the bones and muscles of that
area on the body
 To stimulate the workings of that system
 A rotation of the big toe corresponds to rotating the neck.
 Working this reflex helps neck and head problems such as stiffness, tension
and headaches.
 It is close to the spinal reflex and work either one will benefit the other.
 Throat problems
 5. Sinuses (see sinuses)
 6. Nose, eyes, ears (see section)
 7. Mouth, tongue, teeth (see special senses)
 8. Muscles of face & head (see muscles)
Reflex Location-.Head/Brain-Neck
 Location: The location of the reflex area for the head and neck is the big toe.
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(Each small toe also represents the head but the big toe is the main reflex ). The
head is represented by the fleshy part of the toe where it rounds out would be base
of toe.
The neck is represented by the inner edge of the toe and a narrow strip around the
base of the toe.
The brain reflexes are on the top part of the pads and nails of all the toes.
The tips of the toe pads represent the cerebral reflexes and cranial nerves.
Working The Head –Brain Reflexes – Zone 1
 Locate the thumb at the base of the big toe (medial edge).
 Work up the medial edge from base of toe to very tip
 Bring thumb back down to base, work up to tip making sure to work the whole of
the medial edge, dorsal of toe and lateral edge (zone 1-(1-5)
 Return to start point again and work from base of the big toe to top along big toe
zones 1 – 5. Continue till the entire sides and dorsal of big toe is treated.
6 Neck - Back & Front – Z1 .Big Toe
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The throat is located by this strip on the front of the big toe. We work the front
and the back of the toe. The stem of all the toes represent the neck.
The base of the toe is very small therefore all the structures of the neck are to be
found in both the front, back and sides of this base line.
This covers muscular and skeletal structures of the neck.
Locate at the base crease of the big toe (Dorsal - Start from medial edge and work
across to lateral edge then do the same on the dorsal)
This area at the plantar base of the big toes -covers the base of the neck thyroid,
parathyroid, tonsils, epiglottis. The area at the dorsal covers vocal cords, tonsils
and throat.
6. Occipital (Skeletal) - Mastoid Process (Digestive) – Temple
(Skeletal) – Z1 Big Toe Lateral edge
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Mastication Muscles The muscles of mastication’s (chewing) are those that
move the mandible (jawbone) up and down and forwards and backwards
which results in the opening and closing of the mouth. These actions are used
in speaking and yawning. The temporalis muscles are a fan-shaped muscle
connecting the frontal bone of the skull to the mandible; it lifts and retracts the
mandible. The masseter is a powerful thick muscle stretching from the
zygomatic arch to under the mandible and is the principle muscle used in
closing the jaw. It is part of the musculoskeletal system. These muscles enable
mastication (chewing) and play a role in speech and swallowing. The parts of
the body they are related to are the skull, jawbone, hyoid bone.
Occipital: This bone forms the back of the cranium. It has a large opening
called the foramen magnus through which the upper part of the spinal cord
passes, it articulates with the vertebra at the condyles of the skull. A condoyle
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is a rounded protuberance that occurs at the end of some bones such as the
occipital and forms articulation with another bone. Articulation is the point or
type of contact between two bones.
Temple The temple is the region of the head in front of and above each ear.
Location: The locations are:
Occipital = on the lateral edge of the toe from the base crease line (neck area)
make one reflexology circle, walk up one and do the Mastoid: One small
movement up and do the Temple: two small points is the mastoid just below
the curve of the toe.
Why work them: To stimulate the functions in this area, to relax and destress and ease out the muscles in these areas also. To aid the digestive
process.
7.Nose, Upper Jaw, Lower Jaws, Throat, Tonsils –Z1 Front Big Toe –
Head/Digestive/Respiratory Systems
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Z1 works the nose upper jaw, lower jaw, throat, tonsils.
Start at the top of the toe just below the nail and work from medial to lateral. First
line is nose, 2nd line upper jaw, 3rd line is lower jaw, 4th line is the throat. Tonsils
are on the medial edge at the crease of the great toe.
8. Cranial Nerves/Brain/Sinuses/Neck– Z2 to Z5. Four Toesplantar and dorsal
Cranial Nerves They are part of the central nervous system. Their location is emerging
from the brain stem and the forebrain. Their function is: various sensory (smell, hearing,
taste), Motor: (facial expression) and autonomic functions. It related parts are the brain,
eyes, ears, nose, and muscles. Nerves are the routes by which information passes between
the brain and the rest of the body. Most of this nerve emerges from the spinal cord,
passing out through tiny openings in the bony spinal column; however, the cranial nerves
emerge directly from the brain. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that leave the brain
in order to supply structures mainly in the head and neck. They are made up of different
nerve fibres; Sensory Fibres: bring information about pain, temperature and touch as well
as the sense of taste, vision and hearing; Motor Fibres send instructions to the head and
neck muscles, allowing movement; Autonomic nerve fibres allow subconscious control of
internal structures such as the salivary glands.
 Why work them: Working it will affect the whole nervous system, which is
controlled by the brain.
Sinuses A sinus can be defined as an air cavity within a bone, especially any of the
cavities within the bones of the face or skull and/or any wide channel containing blood,
usually venous blood. Paranasal Sinuses are the air-filled spaces, lined with mucous
membrane, that occur in some bones of the skull and open into the nasal cavity. They
comprise of the frontal sinuses…maxillary sinuses…ethmoid sinuses…sphenoid sinuses.
The adult skull has four air-filled cavities known as the sinuses and it is believed that they
are air filled to help lighten the very heavy weight of the skull.
The spenoidal sinuses are located behind the roof of the nasal cavity, within the
sphenoidal bone. The two sinuses lie side by side, separated by a thin, bony partition and
open into the uppermost part of the nasal cavity. The ethmoid sinuses are situated
between the thin, inner wall of the eye socket and the side wall of the nasal cavity. Unlike
other paranasal sinuses, these are made up of multiple communication cavities called
ethmoid air cells, which drain into the upper and middles nasal cavity. The maxillary
sinuses are the largest sinuses and are situated within the maxillae (upper jaw bones).
Infections and inflammation are more common here than in the other sinuses due to
inefficient drainage of secretions. They are part o f the respiratory system. They are
located in the bones surrounding the nasal cavity. Their function is to add resonance to
the voice, lighten the weight of the skull, and prevent cold air from cooling the brain,
produce mucus. They are made up of the maxillary, ethmoidal, fontal and sphenoidal
sinuses. Related parts are the nasal cavity, skull, brain.
Why work it: Working the sinus will help relieve congestion and pain that may be
present in that area.
8. Teeth – Z2 to Z5. Dorsal Aspect - 4 Toes
Teeth The teeth are hard, conical structures partly embedded in the jaw bones, which are
designed to bite of and chew solid foot. They are part of the digestive system and located
in the oral cavity with the function of biting and chewing. They are made up of dentine,
connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. They are related to the oral cavity, jaw bone.
Location: Toe 2 - Incisors and Canine teeth .Toe 3 – Premolars. Toe 4 – Molars. Toe 5
– Wisdom
 Why Work Them: To stimulate and bring balance to all the teeth
mechanisms including the gums and to release and relax the jaw and thus
balance digestion. All the meridians have connected points to the teeth.
Doing Reflexology on Teeth, sinuses, cranial nerves
Start at base of toe 2, work up the stem (neck), work the pad well, work the tip, go down
the front (teeth). Repeat on toe 3,4,5.
9. Eyes (Z2/3)-Ears (Z4 / Z5) –Eustachian Tube Z3/4/Balance –
Z4
Eyes: The eyes are specialised organs of sight that are designed to detect patterns of
light. Each eyeball sits in a bony cavity in the skull, embedded in protective fatty tissue
and is divided into three internal chambers. The anterior and posterior aquesous chambers
are at the front of the eye and are separated by the iris. These chambers are filled with
clear, watery substance called aqueous humour, which is secreted by the cilliary body.
They are located in the head, either side of the nose. Their function is to channel light
through a series of refractive media to light sensitive cells in the retina.
Ears: The ear is located on either side of the head, extending inwards. The function is to
gather and transmit sound waves; organs of hearing and balance. It is made up of
external, middle and inner ear.
Why work them: Working these reflexes benefits their overall function as well as being
useful for specific conditions such as infections, hearing and balance
Eyes & Ears Location Locate on top of the exposed pad along the top of the ridge at the
base of the toes, Eyes – under Zone 2/3, Ears – under Zone 4/5
Working the Reflexes:
Bend toes back gently. Work from Z2 to Z5
Eustachian Tube/ Balance – Z4 Toe Four
Eustachian Tube: Beyond the eardrum is the middle ear, an air-filled cavity that helps to
transmit sound to the inner ear and that is connected to the pharynx (throat) via the
auditory (Eustachian) tube. A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose: it
equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. When you ‘pop’ your
ears as you change altitude (airplane) , you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle
ear normally it is closed but it can open to let a small amount of air through to equalize
the pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. When this happens we hear a
small pop. Yawning or swallowing can pull on muscles in the neck causing the tube to
open
 Location At the base of the toe between Z3 & Z4 on the dorsal of the foot.
 Why work it: The inner ear effects our balance – this helps that body part
 Locate the index finger of one hand on the medial edge of toe 4 foot at the base of
the toe and rotate.
Balance: - Entirely separate from the hearing organs (eardrum and cochlea) are two
sensory organs in the inner ear detecting orientation and movement. The brain uses
information relating to orientation and movement to control balance. The two organs are
the semicircular canals which are three fluid filled tubes and the otolith organs (more
fluid filled cavities. They all contain hair cells that are used for hearing. When you move
your head the fluid in these cavities sloshes around. This fluid movement pulls out the
hair cells which can increase or decrease nerve impulses altering electrical signals sent to
the brain. (3 loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear.
They help us maintain our sense of balance)
 Location: On the plantar of the foot just below the base of toe 4 (not on the toe)
 Working the Reflex Slide index finger down toe 4 to the reflex and circle
10. Shoulder Girdle-Top of Trunk Z1-5/ Scapula-Clavicle/Shoulder
Point/ Z5
Shoulder Joint: The shoulder joint is located at the junction of the scapula and the head
of the humerus. Its function is to enable a wide range of movement in the upper limbs. It
is a ball and socket synovial joint structured to allow the arm a wide range of movement.
The shoulder joint is surrounded by a loose capsule of fibrous tissue lined by a synovial
membrane.
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Why Work It: Working the shoulder reflex helps stiffness in this area, or frozen
shoulder. Stress release. Musculoskeletal system . It is also closely associated
with the arm and elbow reflex so working it also benefits these.
Location
 Top Trunk/Shoulder Girdle: On the plantar of the foot just below the toes is a
ridge prominence at the bottom of the toes that represents the top of the
trunk/shoulder girdle.. The shoulder joint is represented on the outside-lateral ,
below the little toe in the ball of each foot.
 Scapula/Clavicle/: Directly below the base of the small toe on the dorsal of the
foot is the reflex point for the ‘shoulder point’ scapula and clavicle.
 Shoulder Area: The reflex (which includes the scapulae and collar bones) is on
the lateral edge of the sole, just at the base of the fifth toe and also beneath 5th toe.
Working the Reflex:
 Shoulder girdle -Gently bend toes backwards and work from medial side of foot
to lateral or vice versa –Z1 to Z5
 Shoulder joint -When finished place the index finger on the dorsal beneath toe
five and place the thumb on the corresponding point beneath the foot on the
plantar area and press firmly. then work in the rotating circles for seven circles.
 General Shoulder -Locate on the dorsal aspect of the foot at base of toe 5 to just
below the knuckle joint (metatarsophalangeal joint) and circle.
 Also Work from the diaphragm line in Z5 to base of toe 5 for the general shoulder
area. Although close to lungs reactions in this area will indicate shoulder reflex
not lungs.
11.Lungs Z2-4/Trachea/Bronchi(Z1)/Heart (Z2-4)
Lungs: The paired lungs are part of the respiratory system. They are held in the
thoracic cavity on either side of the heart. Their function is to provide the body with a
continuous supply of oxygen and the means to dispose of waste carbon dioxide. They are
soft, spongy, cone shaped organs of respiration that occupy the thoracic cavity and lie on
either side of the heart. The right lung is larger, with three lobes. The left has two lobes.
The membrane covering the lungs is called pleura. The principal muscles of respiration
external and internal intercostals and the diaphragm. The lungs rest on the diaphragm
muscle. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm.
The function of the respiratory system is to provides a route for oxygen to enter the body
and for excretion of carbon dioxide from the body. Air breathed is either warmed or
cooled to body temperature as it moves to the lungs. Organs of the respiratory system are
the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs . The cells of the
respiratory system within which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged are called the
alveoli
Emphysema results from abnormal distension of the alveoli. Asthma and
pneumonia are an example of disease of the lungs.
The Trachea and Bronchi These are part of the respiratory system. The trachea is the
tube through which air passes from the nose to the bronchi and the bronchi take air into
the lungs. In exhalation the process is reversed (lungs, bronchi, trachea).They take air to
the lungs and the lining of the airways secrets mucus to trap tiny particles. As breath is
taken in, air enters the body and passes through the larynx to the main airway known as
the trachea. It extends down into the chest where it divides into the two main bronchi that
lead to the lungs.
Why work them: Working these reflexes will help the whole respiratory system function
more efficiently.
SQ>Name three organs/cavities of the lower respiratory tract? Lungs, Trachea,
Bronchi.
SQ>Name four parts of the upper respiratory tract? (3)Nose, Sinuses, Pharynx,
Larynx
Why work Them: Working these reflexes will help the functioning of the whole
respiratory system and thus in turn the whole body, ensuring that oxygen gets into cells
and carbon dioxide is taken out of them. When we work the circulatory, nervous and
muscular systems we also benefit the respiratory system.
Location
 Trachea/Bronchi: They lead across from the base of the big toe down from the
head reflex (edge of Z1 at base of big toe, across Z1 to Z2.
 Location: The reflex for the lungs extends from zone 2 to the edge of
Z4.Transverse zones from the diaphragm line to the shoulder girdle.
 Place thumb on diaphragm line directly under Z2 medial edge pointing upwards.
Work from the diaphragm line to shoulder girdle upwards covering the whole area
from Zone 2 to Zone 4
11. Heart- Circulatory System – LFO- Z2/3/4
The heart is a hollow muscular organ which pumps blood around the general and
pulmonary (lungs) circulations. Situated in the mediastinum (the space in the thoracic
cavity between the lungs) behind the sternum. It is approximately the size of a fist. It is
divided into a right and left side by a septum (any division that divides two cavities) and
has four chamber. It has three layers 1. outer layer – pericardium (sac that surrounds the
heart), 2. cardiac muscle middle layer –myocardium 3. A lining called the endocardium.
Valves: control blood flow between the arteries and ventricles. Valves prevent pooling
of blood in the limbs.
The purpose of valves in the vein are to prevent backflow of blood
Veins: a vein is a vessel which carries blood to the heart. The smallest veins are called
venules
Artery: is a vessel carrying blood from the heart.
The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs.
The smallest arteries are called arterioles
The carotid artery feeds the brain and head with blood
SQ>Name the arteries supplying the heart muscle? (1)
Right and left coronary arteries
Phlebitis: is the term used to describe inflammation of a vein, often in the legs
Blood: is a fluid connective tissues which circulates within the vascular system. The
normal human holds between 5-6Liters depending on body size
It transports nutrients, water and oxygen to the cells and takes away waster products of
metabolism. It distributes heat and carries various substances such as nutrients,
hormones, drugs and antibodies.
The different types of blood vessels are veins, arteries and capillaries
Red cells are made in the bone marrow
Serum is the name of the clear fluid residue of blood from which the corpuscles and fibrin
have been removed
SQ>List the functions of each of the following:(a) Haemoglobin; (b) Lymphocytes; (c) Leukocytes; (d) Platelets
(a) Red cells carry haemoglobin which carries oxygen
(b) Lymphocytes produce antibodies
(c) Defend the body against invading bacteria, virus and cancer cells
(d) Platelets aid in blood clotting
Functions of blood
(1) Caries oxygen to and CO2 from the cells
(2) Transports nutrients, hormones, enzymes to body tissue
(3)Transports waste for excretion
(4)Helps fight against infection (white cells)
Plasma is composed of water (92%), salts, minerals and protein
Blood Groups: the common blood groups are A, B, AB and O
Pulse: The rhythmic expansion of an artery that may be felt with the finger; it is due to
blood injected with each cardiac contraction and so is felt in time with the heartbeat.
or
The wave of expansion in an artery which corresponds to the left ventricular contraction.
It can be felts in a superficial artery, especially one that passes over a bone (e.g. the
radial artery on the wrist). Rate in adult is 60-80 min.
Blood Pressure: When the heart contracts blood, it is forced through the arteries, the
pressure produced is called systolic (working) and is based on pressure exerted by the
aorta. When the heart relaxes blood flows into all four chambers this is know as
diastolic. or
Pressure exerted by the blood on the arterial walls as the heart pumps blood into the
aorta. The pressure is produced when flow meets resistance.
Sample illness
Arteriosclerosis- is called hardening of the arteries
Tachycardia- is an excessively rapid heartbeat
Hypotension - low blood pressure
Why Work The Heart: We work the heart to
 Balance the energy of the heart
 To help with emotional trauma or pain that is held there
 To bring balance to the circulatory system
 In some cases to stimulate the circulatory system for certain conditions (e.g. poor
circulation)
 Caution must always be used when working the heart (see contraindications)
 Gentleness must always be used as energetically it is a very sensitive part of the
body
Location of the Heart- Left Foot Only
We work the heart on the left foot only.
Longitudinal zones - Z2/3/4
Transverse zones – Above diaphragm and below shoulder girdle
12-14. Thyroid & Parathyroid (Endocrine System)/Direct
Thyroid Helper &Thymus – Z1 –Zonal & General Helper
Area –Z1
Location
Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is very important as the hormones it secretes control
the metabolism and growth. It is located on each side of the trachea (windpipe), has two
lobes which are connected by the isthmus tissue stretching across the front of the neck.
The thyroid is an endocrine (hormonal) gland which produces the hormone thyroxin. This
gland which is responsible for stimulating the rate of cell metabolism, (the rate at which
the energy-producing functions take place). Thyroxin also influences growth and sexual
development. The thyroid also produces calcitonin which acts to lower the level of the
mineral calcium in the blood; therefore the thyroid regulates the basal metabolic rate that
metabolizes carbohydrates, protein and lipids.
 The thyroid gland is very important as the hormones it secret affect metabolism
 Promotes normal physical and mental development
 Is responsible for healthy skin and hair
 Promotes nerve stability
 Utilises oxygen
 Regulates calcium levels
 Stores iodine
 It has an effect on cholesterol
Hypothyroidism is an under active Thyroid Gland.
Name 3 disorders of the thyroid gland? (3)
Hyperthyroidism / overactive -Weight loss, muscle weakness, restlessness and mental
excitability.
Hypothyroidism / underactive- Under active Thyroid Gland.
Goitre –thyroid enlargement
Cretinism – congenital hypothyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis-over secretion of thyroid hormones, increased metabolic rate,
16. Hyperactivity, nervousness, bulging eyes, shake in the outstretched hands and
underweight are typical symptoms of what disorder? (1)
Thyroid gland.
Why work it: Working the thyroid will help the functioning of the metabolism,
balancing it and thus aiding weight problems. It will also help to bring it back into
equilibrium, in the case of an under or over-activity and their various symptoms (e.g.
under activity causes myxoedema in adults or cretinism in children and over activity can
cause thyrotoxicosis).
Parathyroid Glands These reflexes are associated with the reflex areas to the thyroid
gland. There are four small glands situated around the thyroid gland. Their main function
is to maintain the correct amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood and bones.
The parathyroid glands are found as four small glands embedded in the back of the
thyroid gland in the neck. On both the right and left sides there is an upper and a lower
gland. They are endocrine glands and produce a hormone called parathormone which
influences and maintains the calcium level in the blood. (main functions). This hormone
is able to increase the level of calcium in the blood by acting on the kidneys to decrease
calcium excretion and by acting on the bones to cause calcium to be given up from the
bone stores. The under secretion of the Parathyroids would lead to muscular spasms in
the hands and feet, while over secretion would reduce the amount of calcium in the bones
– leading to bone softness and possible injury.
SQ>What organ or gland controls the following: (2)-Cramps in feet and legs?Parathyroids.
SQ>What gland is involved with the metabolism of phosphorous and calcium? (1) -Parathyroid.
Why work it – it helps any calcium deficiency problems and linked conditions e.g.
muscle spasm (tetany- spasm and twitching of the muscles, particularity the hand, face,
feet. It is caused by a reduction in the blood calcium level, which may be due to under
active parathyroid glands, rickets or alkalosis), kidney stones, osteoporosis.
Thymus Gland- The thymus gland is large in childhood then slowly regresses and
almost disappears in adult life. It is involved in the immune system, but it’s only known
function is the formation of lymphocytes. It secrets hormones and also produces T
lymphocytes(white blood cells found in blood and lymphatic system-immune systemdestroy tumour cells) which makes it part of the lymphatic system as well as the
endocrine system.
Why work it: The thymus gland helps the correct functioning of the immune system so it
should be worked whenever there is a malfunction, generalised infection or simply to
boost immunity.
Location of thyroid, parathyroid and thymus
 Thyroid: The thyroid is located in the centre of the base of the big toe
(neck/throat reflex) on the plantar Z1.
 Parathyroid: Lift across from the thyroid to the lateral edge of zone 1
 Thyroid Direct Helper: Place thumb on thyroid and move directly to medial
edge Z1



Thymus: Work 1 ½ thumb widths down from thyroid helper Make sure to be
placed as close to the edge of the foot as possible while still working on the
plantar).
Zonal for thyroid, parathyroid & Thymus: Relocate thumb on the diaphragm
line at the outer edge of Z1 toe 1. Begin to work towards Z2 but stop at the
junction between Z1 and Z2. Turn the thumb to point towards the toes and work
up the crease line between the big toe and toe 2.
General Zonal Area – Locate above diaphragm line plantar of foot medial edge
Z1, point thumb upwards and work straight up to shoulder girdle. Cover the
complete area of zone 1 from above diaphragm line to shoulder girdle to edge of
zone 2.
15.Lymphatics of Head & Neck– Z1 to Z5 webbing between
Toes
Lymphatics of Head & Neck The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and nodes
throughout the body whose role is to drain excess fluid from the body’s tissues and return
it to the blood circulation. Lymph nodes or glands filter the fluid as it passes through
them, detecting and sometimes destroying foreign bodies. The lymph node groups of the
head and neck are names according to nearby structures; e.g. cervical nodes in the
cervical vertebrae etc. The paired tonsils are themselves lymph nodes. Deep within the
neck lay other nodes that surround and drain the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box) and
trachea (main airway). The related system is the lymphatic system, the nodes and vessels
are scattered around the head and neck. They drain excess fluid away from tissue cells
and protect against infection. They are related to the head and neck.
Erythrocytes are mature red blood cells that are broken down in the spleen.
 Why Work Them: Working the lymphatic area benefits the whole of the
system, improving the efficiency of its functions: fighting infection, producing
antibodies, removing excess fluid from tissues and cells throughout the body.
 Location: at the webbing between the toes.
Working the Reflex:
 Place index finger on top and thumb underneath -very gently lift & rotate
softly at each one holding in-between the thumb and index finger.
At the webbing between Z1 and Z2 against the base of the big toe this area represents the
tonsils helper.
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