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E N D O C R I N E S Y S T E M / / Hormone Regulation
Learning Objectives Compare relationship between hypothalamus & anterior v. posterior
pituitary
Understand hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell regulation
Growth hormone: Regulation & its major effects on target tissues
Adrenal cortex hormones: Regulation & effects of glucocorticoids
(cortisol)
Adrenal medulla hormones: Regulation & effects of catecholamines
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
Hypothalamic-posterior pituitary hormones
● Oxytocin
○ Small peptide
○ Functions
■ INCREASE uterine smooth muscle contraction
■ INCREASE myoepithelial contraction ie ‘milk let down’
■ Maternal behavioral modifications
● Vasopressin (Anti Diuretic Hormone)
○ INCREASE water retention by kidneys
○ Causes arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Anterior pituitary
● Growth hormone
● Thyroid-stimulating hormone
● Adrenocorticotropic hormone
● Prolactin
● Follicle-stimulating hormone
● Luteinizing hormone
Hypothalamic stimulatory & inhibitory peptides
● Growth hormone-Releasing hormone
● Growth hormone-Inhibiting hormone
● Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
● Corticotropic-Releasing hormone
● Gonadotropic-Releasing hormone
● Prolactin-Releasing hormone
● Prolactin-Inhibiting hormone
Hypothalamic-anterior pituitary regulation
Growth hormone (Somatotropin): Characteristics
● Protein hormone of about 190 amino acids
● Synthesized and secreted by cells called somatotrophs
● Receptor – Tyrosine Kinase
● Regulates growth & metabolism
○ Possible role in diminishing aging effects
○ Check out the mail order websites for human GH related products!!
● Secreted in a pulsatile manner
● Differences between males & females; stage of maturity
Growth Hormone:
I. Regulation of secretion
II. Target tissues
III. Major effects
Growth hormone: Growth effect
I. proliferation of cartilage cells (chondrocytes) via IGF-1, resulting in long bone growth
II. bone thickness
III. IGF-1 ’s differentiation & proliferation of precursor muscle cells (myoblasts)