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Proteins and DNA
Blood - functions and issues
Review of Protein Functions
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Cell membrane transporters
Receptors
Enzymes
Chemical messengers
Structural proteins
Transporters of oxygen, lipids
Membrane
Protein
Function
Cytoplasm
• Contains cytosol and organelles
• Organelles have specific functions
• Enzymes catalyze most reactions
Figure 3.14
Figure 2.23
Enzymes
•Proteins in the cells
have a variety of
functions including
structural proteins, and
enzymes.
•Enzymes catalyze
almost all cellular
reactions “metabolism”
Cell Nucleus
• Contains genetic material - DNA
• DNA contains genes.
• DNA is a double strand with two chains of
nucleotides linked up anti-parallel
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DNA structure and function
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Double helix - antiparallel
46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
Wrapped in organized fashion in nucleus
Contains genes that code for proteins
DNA structure and function
• Composed of nucleotide subunits
• Each triplet of nucleotides codes for a specific
amino acid
• Carries genetic information to be used by cell
to run daily activities
• Is passed down from one generation to the
next to specify traits
Figure 3.38
DNA function – Protein synthesis
• Double helix unwraps and separates
• RNA polymerase attaches complementary
RNA nucleotides to one side of double helix
• Growing strand of messenger RNA is produced
• mRNA strand moves to cytoplasm and
attaches to ribosome
• tRNAs bring appropriate amino acids to
ribosome
Figure 3.33
Figure 3.34b
Figure 3.36
DNA function – Protein synthesis
• Peptide bond forms between AAs
• Growing protein strand is usually taken in by
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) for
processing
• The protein goes to the smooth ER for
transport to Golgi
• Golgi apparatus packages protein for use in
cell or cell membrane or export
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.17 1
DNA is inherited
• DNA is passed down during
cell division
• When cells divide each new
cell has the same genetic
information.
• This occurs because DNA is
replicated (transcribed) by
a polymerase enzyme in
the nucleus before splitting
Cell Division
Viruses subvert the process of protein
synthesis and DNA replication
• Viruses not considered alive
• Carry gene sequences that code for their
components
• Carry gene sequences that allow their
replication
• Insert into host cell
Figure 9.19
HIV virus
Viruses subvert the process of protein
synthesis
• Splice in their genetic material to the host
DNA
• Use host cell to make new virus
• Bud off new viruses, killing the host cell
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO8MP3
wMvqg
Retrovirus Lifecycle
From National Cancer institute HIV Drug Resistance Program Website,
http://home.ncifcrf.gov/hivdrp/RCAS/replication.html
Viral Therapies of Gilead
• NRTIs - nucleotide analogue reverse
transcriptase inhibitors: Viread (tenofovir),
EMTRIVA® (emtricitabine) ,
• HBV polymerase inhibitor - Viread (tenofovir),
Hepsera® (adefovir dipivoxil)
• Non nucleotide reverse transcriptase
inhibitors - Efavirenz (packaged with
emtricitabine and tenofovir to make Atripla)
Cardiovascular system
• Consists of heart, blood vessels, blood
• Blood transports water, nutrients, wastes,
chemical messengers, oxygen, carbon dioxide
• Blood protects us from bleeding, and
pathogens
• CV system is interdependent on skeletal
system, digestive system, respiratory system,
urinary system
Blood
• Consists of:
– Plasma: water, ions, nutrients, gases, wastes,
proteins.
• Proteins in plasma: albumin, transport for fats,
antibodies, clotting factors
– Red Blood Cells – erythrocytes
• Contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen
Figure 7.2
Blood Components
Figure 7.4
Blood
• Consists of:
– White blood cells – leukocytes
• Protect against pathogens by:
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causing inflammation and fever
phagocytosing pathogens
creating antibodies to tag pathogens for destruction
killing pathogens in other ways
Creating a cadre of cells to fight reinfection by specific
pathogens (immune memory)
Blood
• Consists of:
– platelets– thrombocytes
• Aid in blood clotting by:
– attaching to injured vessel
– Releasing chemicals that attract more platelets
Other clotting proteins in the blood finish the clot by
a series of chemical reactions that creates protein
strands that bind to the site and strengthen the
clot.
Figure 7.8
Blood Cell Production
• Occurs in bone marrow
• Requires iron, Vitamin B12
• Has 5 lines of production
Blood Cell Formation
Stem cells are
located in red
bone marrow
Stem cells multiply and
become specialized
Slide 13
Mature blood cells
Erythrocyte
(red blood cell)
Erythroblast
Nucleus
lost
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Myeloblast
Granular
leukocytes
White
blood
cells
Basophil
Stem cell
Monocyte
Monoblast
Lymphocyte
Lymphoblast
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
Agranular
leukocytes
Blood Disorders
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Anemias
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytopenia
Clotting factor disorders
Lipid disorders