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BTEC Level 3 Sport
Unit 1: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
in Sport
Recap
• Describe aerobic and anaerobic energy
production
• Name the different types of muscle and describe
the characteristics of these
• Describe the location of the major muscles
Learning Objectives
• Describe the location and function of the major
muscles
• Label the gross structure of muscle
• Describe the different fibres types found within
muscle and sports associated with different fibre
types
• Explain and analyse the use of different fibre
types during sport/exercise
Learning Objectives
• Describe how muscles work in antagonistic pairs
with a specific example and using appropriate
terminology
• Name and describe the different types of
muscular contraction with sporting examples
Cell Microstructure
Cell Respiration
This is how our body makes energy…
Aerobic Respiration – using oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration – without oxygen
Cell Respiration
Aerobic Respiration:
Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Anaerobic Respiration:
Glucose + No Oxygen = Energy + Lactic Acid
What is the muscular system?
What are its roles…?
Functions of the Muscular System
• Energy production
• Movement
• Maintain posture
• Produce heat
• Regulate blood flow
• Digestion and waste removal
• Supports the skeleton
The Muscular System
Muscle Types
1. Cardiac Muscle (Involuntary)
2. Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary)
3. Smooth Muscle (Involuntary)
Define voluntary and involuntary!
Cardiac Muscle
• This type of muscle is found solely
in the walls of the heart.
• It is striated in its appearance with
its contractions not being under
conscious control.
• It is under the control of the central
nervous system, however, even
without a nervous input
contractions can occur due to
specialised ‘auto rhythmic’ cells
• Cardiac muscle is highly resistant
to fatigue due to the presence of a
large number of mitochondria,
myoglobin and a good blood
supply
Smooth Muscle
• Sometimes referred to as involuntary
muscle due to our inability to control
its movements.
• Smooth muscle is found in the walls
of hollow organs such as the
Stomach, Oesophagus, Bronchi and
in the walls of blood vessels.
• This muscle type is stimulated by
involuntary impulses and has slow,
rhythmical contractions
• Used in controlling internal organs,
for example: moving food along the
Oesophagus
Skeletal Muscle
•
•
•
•
•
•
Skeletal muscles are those which attach to bones (primary function is contraction
to enable movement of our skeletons)
Also known as striated muscles due to their appearance.
The cause of this stripy appearance is the bands of actin and myosin, found
within the myofibrils (part of the sliding filament process)
Skeletal muscles are also sometimes called voluntary muscles, because we
have direct control over them
Contraction can vary from powerful contractions to enable, fast movements to
small precision actions
Have the ability to stretch or contract and still return to their original shape
Gross Muscle Structure
What is the make up
of a muscle?
Gross Muscle Structure
Gross Muscle Structure
• Tendons – Attach skeletal muscle to bone
• Epimysium – The outer layer of the muscle
• Perimysium – Covers individual bundles of fibres (fasculi)
• Fascicle – A bundle of muscle fibres
• Endomysium – Surrounds each individual muscle fibre
• Muscle Fibre – This is a single muscle cell
• Blood vessels – Delivery and removal to the cells ‘fibres’
• Motor neurones – Innervate cells ‘fibres’
Major Muscles (Anterior)
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Longus
Task
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Biceps Brachii
Sternacloidamastoid
Triceps Brachii
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Serratus Anterior
Use the worksheet
and label as many
muscles as you
can
Rectus Abdominus
External Obliques
Iliacus
Rectus Femoris
Tensor Fascia Latae
Adductor Longus
Sartorius
Adductor Magnus
Vastus Lateralis
Gracillis
Vastus Medialis
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis Anterior
Soleus
Peroneous Longus
Extensor Digitorum
Major Muscles (Posterior)
Flexors
Pronator Teres
Task
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Triceps
Brachii
Trapezius
Rhomboids
Use the worksheet
and label as many
muscles as you
can
Latissimus Dorsi
Sacrospinalis
Deltoids
Teres Major
Infraspinatus
External Obliques
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus
Tensor Fascia Latae
Adductor Magnus
Semimembranosu
s
Gracillis
Semitendonous
Bicep Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Gastrocnemius
Peroneus Longus
Flexor Longus
Soleus
Peroneus Brevis
Muscle Fibres
The human body has three muscle fibre types
• Type 1 (Slow Twitch or Slow Oxidative)
• Type 2a (Fast Twitch or Fast Oxiditave-Glycotic)
• Type 2b (Fast Twitch or Fast Glycotic)
Type 1
• Proteins – actin and myosin – responsible for
contraction
• Nucleus
• Glucose and fat stores
• Loads of mitochondria
• Loads of myoglobin
• Lots of capillaries
• Sports: Marathon, triathlon, 10,000m, Tour De
Britain, etc
Type 2b
• Proteins – actin and myosin – responsible for
contraction
• Nucleus
• Glucose and fat stores
• Few mitochondria
• Few myoglobin
• Few capillaries
• Sports: long jump, shot putt, 100m, 110m
hurdles, weightlifting
Muscle Microstructure
• This is the structure INSIDE a muscle cell – these are
commonly referred to as ‘muscle fibres’
• Each cell in the human body has similar components ‘cell
organelles’ e.g. nuclei, cell membrane, microfilaments,
mitochondria – although each cell varies slightly depending
on the specific tissue it belongs to e.g. muscle cell, bone
cell, brain cell
Muscle Cells
• Are long, thin cylindrical shaped cells
• Cells contain mitochondria, myoglobin and fuel stores
• Microfilaments make up the internal structure of the cell
• In muscle these are called myofibrils and are composed of
thread like contractile proteins - the two main proteins are
called actin and myosin
Muscle Cells
• The myofibrils of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) are
what makes muscle look stripy!
• These are important in muscle contraction
• Muscle Structure Overview
Task
What is the predominant muscle fibre type of the following
sportspeople?
100m Sprinter
200m freestyle Swimmer
Golfer
Marathon Runner
2000m Row
Footballer
Rugby Player
High Jumper
Muscle Biopsy
Muscle Fibre Types
Characteristics
Type I
Type IIA
Type IIB
Other names
Red, Slow twitch(ST)
Slow oxidative (SO)
White, Fast twitch(FT)
Fast oxidative glycolytic
(FOG)
White, Fast twitch(FT)
Fast glycolytic (FG)
Contraction speed
Slow
Fast
Fastest
Contraction strength
Low
High
Highest
Fatigue resistance
High
Low
Lowest
Aerobic capacity
High
Medium
Low
Anaerobic capacity
Low
Medium
High
Myoglobin content
High
Moderate
Low
Mitochondrial density
Highest
Less
Least
Capillary density
Very dense
Less
Least
Motor unit size
Small
Larger
Largest
How do muscles contract?
Where does this process start?
How do Muscles work?
Muscles only pull
They do not push!
The Neuromuscular System
Brain
Motor neurone
(Neuromuscular junction)
Muscle
Muscle Contraction
1. We want to produce movement
2. The brain sends a nerve impulse down the spinal
cord
3. At the spinal cord the impulse travels down a
motor neurone(s)
4. The impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction
5. Acetylcholine is released and diffuses across the
synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the motor
end plate and through the T-tubules
Muscle Contraction
6. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
7. Calcium binds to Troponin which moves
Tropomyosin away from the actin binding site
8. Myosin can now attach to the actin binding site
9. Myosin ‘pulls’ the actin filaments
10. The filaments detach when another ATP is
available
Motor Units
•
•
A motor unit is one motor neurone and all the
muscle fibres it innervates
‘All or nothing’ principle - when a motor neurone is
activated all the motor fibres in the motor unit will
contract
Motor Units
Motor Unit Recruitment
• The movement required will dictate how many
motor units within a muscle are activated
‘recruited’ to perform the movement
Q. What sporting activities will require large motor
unit recruitment?
Q. What are the consequences of this?
Neuromuscular Responses
Increased number of nerve transmissions
For strong contractions- increased number of
motor units recruited... A bigger proportion of the
muscle contracts or there is less time between
transmissions
For prolonged contraction- motor units are
alternated… delay fatigue
Alternate which motor
unit is working
1
OFF
2
OFF
OFF
ON
3
5
OFF
4
Recycling allows
time for recovery
Muscle Movement
Task - Draw your
own diagram and
write a description of
how muscles work
Muscle Contractions
1. Isometric muscle contraction – when a muscle a
contracts but does not produce movement – the
muscle just stays the same length e.g…….
2. Isotonic – when a muscle is producing force and
moving
Concentric – Muscle is getting shorter and producing
force e.g…
Eccentric – Muscle is getting longer and producing force
e.g…
3. Isokinetic – Muscle produces constant force –
isokinetic dynamometer
Muscle Contractions
1. Isometric – Static
2. Isotonic - Moving
Concentric – Muscle
Shortens
Eccentric – Muscle
Lengthens
3. Isokinetic – constant
force
Create your own
examples!
Muscles work together…
• Agonist - The prime mover – the main muscle which
contracts to produce the movement
• Antagonist – Relaxes a bit to ‘control the movement. It
protects the joints
• Synergist - Work with the agonist to help produce the
movement
• Fixator - Stabilises or fixes other joints to prevent
unwanted movement(s)
Task
Complete the muscle actions
Identify:
The concentrically
contracting muscles
The eccentrically
contracting muscles
The synergists & fixators