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CIVILIZATION EMERGES Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Indus River Valley WARM UP What do you think determines whether an area or group of people can be considered a civilization? CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION Six Characteristics that determine a civilization Cities Government Religion Social Structure Writing Art CITIES Cities began to develop in and near river valleys Able to carry on large-scale farming Farming increased More and more people would move into the cities near rivers and river valleys New patterns of living emerged NO STREETS, HOUSES WERE CONNECTED, USED LADDERS TO ENTER THEIR HOMES, EASIER TO DEFEND INSIDE THEIR HOMES GOVERNMENT Development of cities led to the rise of governments The governments grew due to these main reasons: Growing population Need to maintain the food supply Need for defense Governments were first led by monarchs Kings or Queens who rule and organize armies and make laws RELIGION Religion started to develop to explain things that could not be understood yet The first civilizations were polytheistic Belief in more than one deity Priests became very important Forces of nature Roles that each person played in the world Supervised rituals Believed to have a special power Some rulers or monarchs claimed to have divine power as well Used to control their people and to earn trust SOCIAL STRUCTURE Classes begin to develop based on the power held in the community Upper Class Rulers, Priests, Government Officials, Warriors Free Class (Middle Class in our terms today) Farmers, Artisans, Craftspeople Lower Class Slaves SOCIAL STRUCTURE There was a trickle down effect that started with the first civilizations and is still seen today Upper Class demanded luxury items Free Class would make these items Lower Class would work to obtain these items (very labor intensive) Trade and technology began to grow because of this shift in Social Structure Other cities would be in contact with one another and trade expanded As trade expanded, the tools and farming techniques had to become far more advanced (increase in technology) WRITING Finally, the written word is developed! This marks the beginning of history Writing was used to keep very accurate and detailed records Sales, Visitors, Schedules, Conversations, Customs Used mostly by Rulers, Priests, Merchants (traders), and Artisans Writing was later used for creative expression First works of literature and written history ART No longer just cave paintings Drawings, scales, literature, sculptures were all considered works of art Architects were considered artists because of the detailed drawings of their plans Pyramids, Temples, Burial Chambers Painters and Sculptors could portray stories of nature, human life, and depictions of the rulers and gods they worshiped WARM UP List the 6 characteristics of a civilization. Do we fall under all 6 of these categories today? Do you think there places today that are not considered a civilization? How did religion affect the social structure of early civilizations? MESOPOTAMIA The beginning of Civilizations started with Mesopotamia Located on the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers “The Land Between the Rivers” Learned to control the flow of rivers Irrigation and Draining Allowed for an abundance of fertile soil for farming MESOPOTAMIA 3 different areas of Mesopotamia Assyria Akkad Sumer Sumer Sumerians were the first civilized culture and created the first alphabet called Cuneiform and created elaborate stories (first myths) The Epic of Gilgamesh Formed City-States; development of the first cities and governments happened in the city-states MESOPOTAMIA The cities they built were made of sun-dried mud and bricks Invented the arch and the dome and built massive brick buildings Ziggurat was the most impressive building and was the base that the temple rested upon Government was a Theocracy Ruled by divine authority King was considered a divine authority MESOPOTAMIA Economy and Society Mostly farming, but trade and industry were very important Introduced the Bronze Age-melting and combining of copper and tin Traded the bronze for fish, wool, barley, wheat, and other metals Sumerians invented the wheel Made traveling, trading, and living much easier MESOPOTAMIA The first empires were created in Mesopotamia Akkadian Empire and Babylonian Empire Akkadian First empire in history Did not last long and created war between the citystates for power Babylon Hammurabi gained control of Sumer and Akkad Code of Hammurabi “Eye for an Eye”; “Tooth for a Tooth” ANCIENT EGYPT Egyptian civilization thrived due to the Nile River “The creator of all good” Longest river in the world The Nile flows north and divides Upper and Lower Egypt Yearly flooding created rich soil for farming Fastest way to travel; transportation and communication was much easier ANCIENT EGYPT Natural barriers made Egypt easy to defend and brought a sense of security Unforgiving deserts to the east and west, the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and harsh rapids to the south The Nile also brought a feeling of security and confidence Flooding to Farming to Survival ANCIENT EGYPT Religion Polytheistic Sun Gods and Land Gods (River Gods too) Sun-Source of Life; Ra or Re was the sun god Osiris and Isis were Land/River God/Goddess The rulers would take on the name ‘Son of Re’ claiming they descended from the sun god Osiris was a major figure Became the symbol of resurrection and rebirth; the afterlife Mummification-wanted to preserve the body for a life after death ANCIENT EGYPT Egyptian Kingdoms Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom Unity of Upper and Lower Egypt; ruled by a Pharaoh (king) Old Kingdom Age of Prosperity and splendor Bureaucracy developed to organize the government Vizier was most important-in charge of the government and reported to the Pharaoh Great architectural achievements-Great Pyramids of Giza built for King Khufu ANCIENT EGYPT Middle Kingdom The golden age for Ancient Egypt Conquering of lands around Egypt began and they expanded their empire Pharaohs took on a more personal role with their relationship to their people Trade and Transportation increased ANCIENT EGYPT New Kingdom New warfare developed; chariots and iron weapons Created a new empire and became the worlds first superpower; wealth, land, weapons First woman Pharaoh-Queen Hatshepsut Religion became a problem-One ruler, Amenhotep IV wanted one supreme being, Aten. Did not last; Tutankhamen became Pharaoh and restored the old gods ANCIENT EGYPT New Kingdom Ramses II restored Egypt to power, but Egypt later collapsed under invasion The New Kingdom collapsed and was later ruled by Macedonians under Cleopatra VII Cleopatra tried to reunite Egypt, but failed because of her involvement with Rome Egypt became part of the Roman Empire ANCIENT EGYPT Way of Life Much like Mesopotamia, Egyptian society had an order: Pharaoh, Priests, Government Officials, Merchants, Artisans, Military, Farmers, Slaves Marriage started to become more of a concept and believed in monogamy Men were in charge, but women were very well respected Nobles held the power, peasants did the work ANCIENT EGYPT Accomplishments Writing became very popular and hieroglyphics were the main form Used to portray life in burial chambers, tombs, and in stories Scribes were the writers and trained from the age of 10 Art and Science became a symbol of Egypt’s everlasting imprint on the world today Pyramids, Temples, Sculptures, Monuments, Burial Chambers, mathematical formulas, and mummification INDUS RIVER VALLEY Located near modern day Pakistan, on the Northwest border of India Cradle of Indian Civilization The Indus River and the Ganges River were the two rivers that surrounded the valley Introduced streets and roads to civilizations New technological advancements Drainage for bathrooms, Wells used to obtain water INDUS RIVER VALLEY Economy Farming based Trade with Mesopotamia Built ships to carry goods through the Persian Gulf Society Believed that government and religion were closely connected Sanskrit: written and oral language Four social groups: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras Began to suffer due to climate change and natural disasters ANCIENT CHINA Set up near Rivers leading into the pacific ocean Natural Barriers kept out unwanted influence and enemies Mountains and deserts Located between the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) Mountains and the lush rivers played an essential role in China’s survival ANCIENT CHINA Early Dynasties of China Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Classical arts, silk, new religions (Daoism, Confucianism) Qin Dynasty First Chinese Dynasty, ancestor worship, bronze, writing China is united, measurements and writing is universal, Great Wall of China Han Dynasty Silk Road, Civil Service, paper invented, Buddhism
