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The Living World (10-15%)
A. Ecosystem Structure
1. Biological populations and communities (4-1, 4-3, 7-1, 7-3)
i. What are the five levels of organization in ecology (Figure 42 p. 57)? Define each term.
ii. What factors limit population growth (p. 62)?
iii. What are the various zones of depth in the ocean? How do
they influence light penetration, net primary productivity
and temperature (p. 129-130)?
iv. What is phytoplankton (p. 129)?
v. What are benthic organisms (benthos) (p. 129)?
2. Ecological niches (5-3)
i. What is an organism’s ecological niche (p. 91)?
ii. What is the niche of a generalist species like compared with
the niche of a specialist species (p. 91-92)?
3. Interactions among species (8-3, 8-4)
i. What is interspecific competition? Instraspecific
competition? What do species compete for (p. 150)?
ii. How does resource partitioning from competition (p. 151)?
iii. What are some adaptations for predation (p. 153)?
iv. How do species defend themselves against predation (p.
153)?
v. What is parasitism? Give an example (p. 154).
vi. What is mutualism? Give an example (p. 154-155).
vii. What is commensalism? Give an example (p. 156).
4. keystone species (8-2)
i. What are indicator species? Give an example (p. 147).
ii. What are keystone species? Give an example (p. 148).
5. species diversity & edge effects (8-1)
i. How does the theory of island biogeography explain species
diversity on islands (p. 145)?
ii. What are edge effects (not in book)?
6. major terrestrial biomes (6-3 through 6-7) For each of the major
biomes describe the temperature, precipitation, seasons, types of
plants, types of animals, susceptibility to human disturbance
i. Desert (p. 113-114)
ii. Savanna (tropical grassland) (p. 115-116)
iii. Temperate grassland (prairie) (p.117-118)
iv. Arctic tundra (p. 118-119)
v. Chaparral (p. 119-120)
vi. Tropical rain forest (p. 120-122)
vii. Temperate deciduous forest (p. 122-123)
viii. Taiga (evergreen coniferous forest, boreal forest) (p. 123125)
ix. Temperate rain forest (coastal coniferous forest) (p. 125)
7. major aquatic biomes (7-2) For each of the major aquatic lifezones
describe the temperature, depth, photosynthetic capabilities, types
of organisms, susceptibility to human disturbance
i. coral reefs (p. 127, 135-136)
ii. coastal zone (p. 130-131)
iii. estuaries (p. 131)
iv. mangrove (p. 133)
v. barrier islands (p. 133)
vi. marshes, swamps (p. 141)
B. Energy Flow
1. Photosynthesis & cellular respiration (4-4, 4-5)
i. What is the formula (inputs and outputs) for photosynthesis
(p. 66)?
ii. What is the formula (inputs and outputs) for cellular
respiration (p. 66)?
iii. What primary productivity (p. 70)?
iv. How can net primary productivity influence the rest of the
food chain/web (p. 70)?
2. food webs (4-4)
i. What is a food web (p. 67)?
3. trophic levels (4-3, 4-4)
i. What are the major categories of organisms, i.e. producers
(p. 64-65)?
ii. What are the trophic levels in a food chain (p. 67)?
4. ecological pyramids (4-4)
i. What two things are represented in an ecological pyramid?
Or, what flows through an ecological pyramid? (p. 68)
ii. Why is the base of a pyramid wider than the top, in terms of
biomass? In terms of energy (p. 68)?
iii. How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the
next? What is the rest of it converted to (p. 68)?
iv. Why is it better to eat at a lower trophic level (p. 68)?
C. Ecosystem Diversity
1. Biodiversity (4-3)
i. What is biodiversity? What are the different kinds of ways of
measuring biodiversity (p. 66)?
2. natural selection (5-2)
i. What is natural selection (p. 90)?
ii. How does natural selection lead to adaptation (p. 90)?
3. evolution (5-2)
i. Describe how populations evolve (not individuals) (p. 88,
90).
4. ecosystem services (1-1, 11-4, 12-2)
i. What are ecological services (p. 6)?
ii. What are ecological services of forests? Economic services?
(Figure 11-7 p. 200)
iii. What services do wild species provide (p. 229-230)?
D. Natural Ecosystem Change
1. How does natural speciation and extinction influence biodiversity
(p. 94)?
2. Climate shifts
i. How does climate change influence species movement and
adaptation (not in book)?
3. species movement (5-4, 8-1)
i. How does geographic isolation affect speciation and
biodiversity (p. 94)?
ii. How did Pangaea affect the distribution of species on earth
(Figure 5-8 p. 95)?
4. ecological succession (8-5)
i. Describe the process of ecological succession in both plants
and animals (p. 156-157)?
ii. What’s the difference between primary and secondary
succession (p. 156-157)?
E. Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
1. Carbon (4-7)
i. Describe the carbon cycle (Figure 4-29 p. 78-79).
ii. What are the anthropogenic effects on the carbon cycle (p.
79)?
2. nitrogen (4-7)
i. Describe the nitrogen cycle (Figure 4-31 p. 80), make sure
you know all those annoying terms (nitrogen fixation, etc).
ii. What are the anthropogenic effects on the nitrogen cycle (p.
81)?
3. phosphorus (4-7)
i. Describe the phosphorus cycle (Figure 4-33 p. 82).
ii. What are the anthropogenic effects on the phosphorus cycle
(p. 82)?
4. sulfur (4-7)
i. Describe the sulfur cycle (Figure 4-34 p. 83).
ii. What are the anthropogenic effects on the phosphorus cycle
(p. 84)?
5. water (4-7)
i. Describe the hydrologic cycle (Figure 4-28 p. 76-77).
ii. What are the anthropogenic effects on the hydrologic cycle
(p. 77)?
6. conservation of matter (3-5)
i. What is the law of conservation of matter (p. 46)?
ii. What does it mean that there is no “away” (p. 47)?
Practice Multiple Choice
1. Around hydrothermal vents in mid-oceanic ridges, there are species of
tubeworms. In the tissues of these tubeworms are chemosynthetic
bacteria. The bacteria provide the tubeworms with organic nutrients, and
the tubeworms provide the bacteria with safe places to live and constant
streams of mineral-rich water. Which of the following describes the
relationship between the tubeworm and the chemosynthetic bacteria?
a. Predator-prey
b. Commensalism
c. Competition
d. Mutualism
e. Parasitism
2. European missionaries and traders who settled in the Hawaiian Islands in
the 1800s imported the mongoose to eliminate snakes from homes, fields,
and settlements. From the information given, which of the following
BEST describes the mongoose?
a. Indicator species
b. Prey
c. Alien species
d. Native species
e. Keystone species
3. Elements cycle through the atmosphere in all of the following
biogeochemical cycles EXCEPT which?
a. Carbon
b. Phosphorus
c. Water
d. Oxygen
e. Nitrogen
4. A battery manufacturing plant accidentally leached cadmium into a local
lake. Ecologists sampled various species from the lake and determined the
cadmium concentration in the tissues of each organism. The data are
shown below.
Species A
Species B
Species C
Species D
Species E
Cadmium concentration (mg/kg tissue)
100
10
30
65
20
Which species is most likely the second-order consumer?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Species A
Species B
Species C
Species D
Species E
5. Which of the following mechanisms of adaptation to environmental stress
would NOT be applicable to a population?
a. Migration to another ecosystem
b. Natural selection
c. Succession
d. Migration within an ecosystem
e. Evolution
6. A change in the
in an ecosystem.
a. oxygen, geologic change
b. water, acid rain
c. sulfur, eutrophication
d. nitrogen, hurricane
e. carbon, climate shift
cycle could induce a(n)
7. Which of the following communities might be a stage in the primary
succession of a coastal sand dune ecosystem?
a. Lichen communities supplant moss communities
b. Beach grasses colonize the sands, thereby stabilizing the dunes
c. Oak trees supplant the grasses on the dunes
d. Shrubs supplant maple trees on the dunes
e. Lichen communities establish themselves on the loose sandy soil
8. Which of the following species is characteristic of a savanna?
a. Lichens
b. Oak trees
c. Douglas fir
d. Mangrove trees
e. Grass
9. The river that brings water to Townsville periodically floods and destroys
homes upstream. To build the homes, wetlands were filled in. One
proposal brought by local officials to fix the problem is to build a dam
upstream of the homes and construct levees along the river to protect the
homes and Townsville. Another proposal is to buy out the homes along
the river and restore the wetlands. The second proposal is an example of
using which of the following?
a. Biogeochemical cycles
b. Food chains and webs
c. Natural selection
d. Ecosystem services
e. Ecological succession
10. A company wants to place an electrical power line through a forested area.
The company workers cut an area through the forest, erect the power lines
and cables, and plant grass in the clear-cut area. All of the following are
true about the clear-cut area EXCEPT which?
a. Clear-cutting is an ecosystem stressor.
b. The clear-cut area will induce an edge community.
c. The clear-cut area will initiate primary succession.
d. New species will migrate into the grasses of the clear-cut area.
e. The clear-cut area will initiate secondary succession.
11. The annual productivity of any ecosystem is greater than the annual
increase in biomass of the herbivores in the ecosystem because
a. plants convert energy input into biomass more efficiently than
animals
b. there are always more animals than plants in any ecosystem
c. plants have a greater longevity than animals
d. during each energy transformation, some energy is lost
e. animals convert energy input into biomass more efficiently than
plants do
For questions 12-14 choose from the following items:
(A) Tropical rain forest
(B) Temperate deciduous forest
(C) Savanna
(D) Taiga
(E) Tundra
12. Forests of cold climates of high latitudes and high altitudes
13. Warm year-round; prolonged dry seasons; scattered trees
14. Cold and warm seasons with sufficient rainfall. Major resource for timber.
15. Type I survivorship curve would apply to
a. humans
b. redwoods
c. bacteria
d. flies
e. tapeworms
16. All of the following are factors that increase population size EXCEPT
a. ability to adapt
b. specialized niche
c. few competitors
d. generalized niche
e. high birth rate
17. Whether a land area supports a deciduous forest or grassland depends
primarily on
a. changes in temperature
b. latitude north or south of the equator
c. consistency of rainfall from year to year and the effect that it has on
fires
d. changes in length of the growing season
e. none of the above
18. The main difference between primary and secondary succession is that
a. Primary succession occurs in the year before secondary succession
b. Primary succession occurs on barren, rocky areas and secondary
succession does not
c. Secondary succession ends in a climax species and primary
succession ends in a pioneer species
d. Secondary succession occurs on barren, rocky areas and primary
succession does not
e. All of the above statements are true
19. The biggest threat to species is
a. low reproductive rates
b. disease
c. alien, invasive species
d. collecting, hunting and poaching
e. loss of habitat
20. Darwin noted that the Patagonian hare was similar in appearance and had
a niche similar to the European hare. However, the Patagonian hare is not
a rabbit. It is a rodent related to the guinea pig. This example illustrates
the principle known as
a. allopatric speciation
b. adaptive radiation
c. divergent evolution
d. coevolution
e. convergent evolution
21. Species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called
a. keystone species
b. native species
c. specialist species
d. indicator species
e. generalist species
22. Which one of the following statements is false?
a. When environmental conditions are changing rapidly, a generalist
is usually better off than a specialist.
b. The fundamental niche of a species is the full range of physical,
chemical, and biological factors it could use if there were no
competition.
c. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species with
the same fundamental niche can indefinitely occupy the same
habitat.
d. Interspecific competition is competition between two members of
the same species.
e. Resource partitioning limits competition by two species using the
same scarce resource at different times, in different ways, or in
different places.
23. Which of the following best describes a nonanthropogenic secondary
succession?
a. Plants and other vegetation die gradually due to drought
b. Wildflowers grow in an area that was previously destroyed by fire
c. A farmer removes weeds using an herbicide
d. Lichens and mosses secrete acids that allow other plants to grow
e. None of the above
24. The location of where an organism lives would be best described as its
a. niche
b. habitat
c. range
d. biome
e. ecosystem
25. Mount San Jacinto at almost 11,000 feet elevation is only a few miles from
Palm Springs, CA, located in the lower Mojave-Colorado Desert in
southern California. Temperatures in Palm Springs have been recorded as
high as 120°F. If you were to take the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway to the
very top of Mount San Jacinto, what type of biome would you find?
a. Desert
b. Temperate forest
c. Taiga
d. Tundra
e. Grassland
26. The relationship between a tick and a bird is best described as
a. Commensalism
b. Mutualism
c. Parasitism
d. Neutralism
e. Competition
27. When two species live in the same habitat and use exactly the same
resources, which of the following will probably occur?
a. The two species can live together indefinitely.
b. One of the species will eventually die.
c. One species will evolve into a parasite.
d. The two species do not interact.
e. This competition does not occur in nature.
28. Organisms use different resources in the same habitat, and in this way
avoid competition. This is referred to as
a. the law of tolerance
b. hunting and gathering
c. predator-prey relationship
d. resource partitioning
e. commensalim
29. Which of the following is true about the roles of both parasites and
predators in an ecosystem?
a. Predators and parasites can act as environmental resistance and
allow the host population to grow.
b. Predators are generally smaller and parasites support many
predators.
c. Predators generally have specialized means to capture prey.
d. Predators and parasites can divide the host population so that both
can geed off the hosts.
e. Parasites and predators eliminate the weak and sick, leaving the
strongest to reproduce.
30. All of the following are true concerning the characteristic of a climax
community EXCEPT
a. the adult plants are small in size
b. there are many different species of plants
c. there is a mixture of decomposers, producers, and consumers
d. most of the organisms are specialists in their niche requirements
e. there is a large amount of biomass
31. Which of the following describes the direction of the flow of energy in a
food chain?
a. From parasite to host
b. From predator to prey
c. From prey to predator
d. From one mutual to another
e. From prey to host
Questions 32-36 refer to the process of succession
(A) inertia
(B) disturbance
(C) primary succession
(D) secondary succession
(E) tolerance
32. When late succession plants are not disturbed by early succession plants
33. When succession starts from an area where humans once farmed
34. when a community starts from bare rock
35. The tendency of an ecosystem to maintain its overall structure
36. An event that will instigate the process of succession
Questions 37-41 refer to types of species
(A) specialist species
(B) keystone species
(C) native species
(D) alien species
(E) indicator species
37. The species that normally live and thrive in a habitat
38. species that play a pivotal role in the habitat
39. A species whose decline indicates damage to the habitat
40. A nonnative species
41. A species with a narrow niche, which can only live in a certain habitat
Answers
1. d
2. c
3. b
4. a
5. c
6. e
7. b
8. e
9. d
10. c
11. d
12. d
13. c
14. b
15. a
16. b
17. c
18. b
19. e
20. e
21. d
22. d
23. b
24. d
25. c
26. b
27. b
28. d
29. e
30. a
31. c
32. e
33. d
34. c
35. a
36. b
37. c
38. b
39. e
40. d
41. a