Download muscle

Chapter 11
The Muscular
System
Lecture Presentation by
Lee Ann Frederick
University of Texas at Arlington
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Muscular System
•  The Muscular System
•  Consists only of skeletal muscles
•  Muscle Organization and Function
•  Muscle organization affects power, range, and
speed of muscle movement
•  Fascicles
•  Muscle cells (fibers) are organized in bundles
(fascicles)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-1 Fascicle Arrangement
•  Parallel Muscles
•  Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle
•  For example, biceps brachii
•  Depends on total number of myofibrils
•  Directly relates to cross section of muscle
•  1 in.2 (6.45 cm2) of cross section develops 50 lb
(23 kg) of tension
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-1a Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
Parallel Muscles
a Parallel muscle
(Biceps brachii muscle)
Fascicle
Body
(belly)
Cross section
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-1b Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
Parallel Muscles
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parallel muscle with
tendinous bands
(Rectus abdominis
muscle)
Figure 11-1d Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
Convergent Muscles
d
Convergent muscle
(Pectoralis muscles)
Tendon
Base of
muscle
Cross
section
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-1e Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
Pennate Muscles
e Unipennate
muscle
(Extensor
digitorum muscle)
Extended
tendon
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-1f Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
Pennate Muscles
f Bipennate
muscle
(Rectus femoris
muscle)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-1g Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
Pennate Muscles
g
Multipennate muscle
(Deltoid muscle)
Tendons
Cross section
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-1h Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
Circular Muscles
h
Circular muscle
(Orbicularis oris muscle)
Contracted
Relaxed
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-2 Levers
•  Skeletal Motion
•  Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce
motion
•  Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,
and speed of muscle movement
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-2 Levers
•  Levers
•  Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a rigid, moving
structure)
•  And each joint a fulcrum (a fixed point)
•  Muscles provide applied force (AF)
•  Required to overcome load (L)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-2 Levers
•  Function of a Lever
•  To change:
•  Direction of an AF
•  Distance and speed of movement produced by an
AF
•  Effective strength of an AF
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-2 Levers
•  The Three Classes of Levers
•  Depend on the relationship between applied force,
fulcrum, and resistance
1.  First-class lever
2.  Second-class lever
3.  Third-class lever
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-2 Levers
•  First-Class Lever
•  Seesaw or teeter-totter is an example
•  Center fulcrum between applied force and load
•  Force and load are balanced
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-2a The Three Classes of Levers.
a
First-class lever.
The fulcrum (F) lies between the
applied force (AF) and the load (L).
L
Load
AF
Example: Pry bar
L
L
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
AF
Applied
force
F
AF
F
F
Fulcrum
11-2 Levers
•  Second-Class Lever
•  Wheelbarrow is an example
•  Center resistance between applied force and
fulcrum
•  A small force moves a large weight
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-2b The Three Classes of Levers.
b
Second-class lever.
The load (L) lies between the applied force (AF)
and the fulcrum (F).
Example: Wheelbarrow
AF
Fulcrum
F
L
L
F
F
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Load
AF
L
AF
Applied
force
11-2 Levers
•  Third-Class Lever
•  Most common levers in the body
•  Center applied force between load and fulcrum
•  Greater force moves smaller load
•  Maximizes speed and distance traveled
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-2c The Three Classes of Levers.
C
Third-class lever.
The applied force (AF) is between
the load (L) and the fulcrum (F).
Applied
force
Load
AF
L
L
AF
AF
Biceps brachii
muscle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fulcrum
L
F
Example: Catapult
F
F
11-3 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
•  Origins and Insertions
•  Muscles have one fixed point of attachment
(origin)
•  And one moving point of attachment (insertion)
•  Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton
•  Origin is usually proximal to insertion
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-3 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
•  Actions
•  Movements produced by muscle contraction
•  Body movements
•  For example, flexion, extension, adduction, etc.
•  Described in terms of bone, joint, or region
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-3 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
•  Agonist (Prime Mover)
•  Produces a particular movement
•  Antagonist
•  Opposes movement of a particular agonist
•  Synergist
•  A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist
•  Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist
(fixator)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-3 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
•  Muscle Opposition
•  Agonists and antagonists work in pairs
•  When one contracts, the other stretches
•  Such as flexors–extensors, abductors–adductors,
etc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-3 Muscle Action (Part 1 of 3).
The action produced by a muscle at any one joint is
largely dependent upon the structure of the joint and
the location of the insertion of the muscle relative
to the axis of movement at the joint. The direction,
or geometric paths, of the action produced by a
muscle—called lines of action—is often represented
by an arrow (or more than one arrow in fan-shaped
muscles).
Flexion and Extension
At joints that permit flexion and extension, muscles whose
lines of action cross the anterior side of a joint are flexors
of that joint, and muscles whose lines of action cross the
posterior side of a joint
are extensors of that
joint.
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Extensors
Flexor
The triceps brachii
muscle crosses on
the posterior side
of the elbow joint.
So it is an extensor
of the elbow joint.
The biceps brachii
muscle crosses on
the anterior side of
the elbow joint. So
it is a flexor of the
elbow joint.
FLEXION
Elbow joint
EXTENSION
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-3 Muscle Action (Part 2 of 3).
Abduction and Adduction
At joints that permit adduction and abduction, muscles whose
lines of action cross the medial side of the joint are adductors
of that joint, and muscles whose lines of action cross the
lateral side of the joint are abductors of that joint.
LATERAL
MEDIAL
Abductor
The gluteus medius
and minimus
muscles cross the
lateral side of the
hip joint. So they
are abductors of the
hip joint.
Hip joint
Adductor
The adductor
magnus muscle
crosses on the
medial side of
the hip joint. So
it is an adductor
of the hip joint.
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-3 Muscle Action (Part 3 of 3).
Medial and Lateral Rotation
At joints that permit rotation,
movement or turning of the body
part occurs around its axis. The
shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket
joint that permits rotation. The
subscapularis muscle has lines of
action that cross the anterior
aspect of the shoulder joint. When
the subscapularis contracts it
produces medial rotation at the
joint. The teres minor muscle has
lines of action that cross the
posterior aspect of the shoulder
joint. When the teres minor
contracts, it produces lateral
rotation at the shoulder.
Shoulder joint
POSTERIOR
Lateral rotator
Medial rotator
The teres minor
muscle crosses the
posterior side of the
shoulder joint. When it
contracts, it rotates the
shoulder laterally.
The subscapularis
muscle crosses on the
anterior side of the
shoulder joint. When it
contracts, it rotates the
shoulder medially.
Scapula
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
ANTERIOR
Humerus
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Names of Skeletal Muscles
•  Correct names of muscles include the term muscle
•  Exceptions:
•  Platysma
•  Diaphragm
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Position
•  Externus (superficialis)
•  Visible at body surface
•  Internus (profundus)
•  Deep muscles
•  Extrinsic
•  Muscles outside an organ
•  Intrinsic
•  Muscles inside an organ
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Structural Characteristics
•  Number of tendons
•  bi = 2, tri = 3
•  Shape
•  Trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid
•  Size
•  Many terms refer to muscle size
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Action
•  Movements
•  For example, flexor, extensor, retractor
•  Occupations or habits
•  For example, risor = laughter
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Specific Regions of the Body
•  Abdominal (abdomen)
•  Ancon (elbow)
•  Auricular (ear)
•  Brachial (arm)
•  Capitis (head)
•  Carpi (wrist)
•  Cervicis (neck)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Specific Regions of the Body
•  Coccygeal (coccyx)
•  Costal (rib)
•  Cutaneous (skin)
•  Femoris (thigh)
•  Glossal (tongue)
•  Hallux (great toe)
•  Ilium (groin)
•  Inguinal (groin)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Specific Regions of the Body
•  Lumbar (lumbar region)
•  Nasalis (nose)
•  Nuchal (back of neck)
•  Ocular (eye)
•  Oris (mouth)
•  Palpebra (eyelid)
•  Pollex (thumb)
•  Popliteal (posterior to knee)
•  Psoas (loin)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Specific Regions of the Body
•  Radial (forearm)
•  Scapular (scapula)
•  Temporal (temple)
•  Thoracic (thorax)
•  Tibial (tibia; shin)
•  Ulnar (ulna)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Position, Direction, or Fascicle
Organization
•  Anterior (front)
•  External (on the outside)
•  Extrinsic (outside the structure)
•  Inferior (below)
•  Internal (away from the surface)
•  Intrinsic (within the structure)
•  Lateral (on the side)
•  Medial (middle)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Position, Direction, or Fascicle
Organization
•  Oblique (slanting)
•  Posterior (back)
•  Profundus (deep)
•  Rectus (straight)
•  Superficial (toward the surface)
•  Superior (toward the head)
•  Transverse (crosswise)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Structural Characteristics of the
Muscle
•  Nature of Origin
•  Biceps (two heads)
•  Triceps (three heads)
•  Quadriceps (four heads)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Structural Characteristics of the
Muscle
•  Shape
•  Deltoid (triangle)
•  Orbicularis (circle)
•  Pectinate (comblike)
•  Piriformis (pear-shaped)
•  Platy- (flat)
•  Pyramidal (pyramid)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Structural Characteristics of the
Muscle
•  Shape
•  Rhomboid (parallelogram)
•  Serratus (serrated)
•  Splenius (bandage)
•  Teres (round and long)
•  Trapezius (trapezoid)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Structural Characteristics of the
Muscle
•  Other striking features
•  Alba (white)
•  Brevis (short)
•  Gracilis (slender)
•  Lata (wide)
•  Latissimus (widest)
•  Longissimus (longest)
•  Longus (long)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Structural Characteristics of the
Muscle
•  Other striking features
•  Magnus (large)
•  Major (larger)
•  Maximus (largest)
•  Minimus (smallest)
•  Minor (smaller)
•  Vastus (great)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Actions
•  General
•  Abductor (movement away)
•  Adductor (movement toward)
•  Depressor (lowering movement)
•  Extensor (straightening movement)
•  Flexor (bending movement)
•  Levator (raising movement)
•  Pronator (turning into prone position)
•  Supinator (turning into supine position)
•  Tensor (tensing movement)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Terms Indicating Actions
•  Specific
•  Buccinator (trumpeter)
•  Risorius (laugher)
•  Sartorius (like a tailor)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
•  Divisions of the Muscular System
1.  Axial muscles
•  Position head and spinal column
•  Move rib cage
•  60 percent of skeletal muscles
2.  Appendicular muscles
•  Support pectoral and pelvic girdles
•  Support limbs
•  40 percent of skeletal muscles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-4a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 1 of 6).
Axial Muscles
Appendicular Muscles
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Trapezius
Temporoparietalis (reflected)
Clavicle
Temporalis
Sternum
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii
Rectus abdominis
Triceps brachii
External oblique
Brachialis
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Linea alba
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
a Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 1a; 39a–d
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-4a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 2 of 6).
Appendicular Muscles
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Iliotibial tract
Gracilis
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Patella
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Gastrocnemius
Tibia
Fibularis longus
Tibialis anterior
Soleus
Extensor digitorum longus
Superior extensor retinaculum
Lateral malleolus of fibula
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Medial malleolus of tibia
a Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 1a; 39a–d
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-4b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (continued) (Part 1 of 6).
Axial Muscles
Appendicular Muscles
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
External oblique
Rhomboid major
Triceps brachii (long head)
Triceps brachii (lateral head)
Latissimus dorsi
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Anconeus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
b
Posterior view
ATLAS: Plates 1b; 40a,b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-4b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (continued) (Part 2 of 6).
Appendicular Muscles
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Iliotibial tract
Gracilis
Biceps femoris
Sartorius
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Calcaneal
tendon
Calcaneus
b
Posterior view
ATLAS: Plates 1b; 40a,b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-5a Muscles of Facial Expression.
Epicranial aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Procerus
Orbicularis oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Masseter
Levator anguli oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus major
Sternocleidomastoid
Mentalis (cut)
Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut and reflected)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
a Lateral view
Figure 11-5b Muscles of Facial Expression.
Epicranial aponeurosis
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Corrugator supercilii
Temporalis
Temporalis (temporoparietalis
removed)
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Levator anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Platysma
Masseter
Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Mentalis (cut)
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and
reflected)
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Table 11-2 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 1 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-2 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 2 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-6a Extrinsic Eye Muscles.
Optic
nerve
Frontal
bone
Levator
palpebrae
Trochlea
superioris (ligamentous sling)
Extrinsic Eye
Muscles
Superior oblique
Superior rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior oblique
Inferior rectus
Maxilla
a Lateral surface, right eye
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-6b Extrinsic Eye Muscles.
Trochlea
Levator
palpebrae
superioris
Optic
nerve
Extrinsic Eye
Muscles
Superior oblique
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Medial surface, right eye
Table 11-3 Extrinsic Eye Muscles.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-7a Muscles of Mastication.
Superior temporal line
Muscles of Mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Capsule of
temporomandibular joint
a
Lateral view. The temporalis muscle passes
medial to the zygomatic arch to insert on the
coronoid process of the mandible. The masseter
inserts on the angle and lateral surface of the
mandible.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-7b Muscles of Mastication.
Muscles of Mastication
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Cut edge of mandible
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lateral view, pterygoid muscles exposed.
The location and orientation of the pterygoid
muscles are seen after the overlying muscles
and a portion of the mandible are removed.
Table 11-4 Muscles of Mastication.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-8 Muscles of the Tongue.
Styloid
process
Muscles of the
Tongue
Palatoglossus (cut)
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Mandible
(cut)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hyoid bone
Table 11-5 Muscles of the Tongue.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-9 Muscles of the Pharynx.
Palatal Muscles
Tensor veli Levator veli
palatini
palatini
Laryngeal elevators
Pharyngeal
Constrictors
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Esophagus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-6 Muscles of the Pharynx.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-10a Muscles of the Anterior Neck.
Mylohyoid
(cut and
reflected)
Mandible
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Anterior belly
Hyoid bone
Posterior belly
Thyrohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid (cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Superior belly
Inferior belly
Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular head
Sternocleidomastoid
(cut heads)
Sternal head
Sternum
a Anterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-10b Muscles of the Anterior Neck.
Genioglossus
(cut)
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Mandible
Hyoid bone
b Superior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-7 Anterior Muscles of the Neck.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-11 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Part 1 of 2).
Erector Spinae, Deep Layer
Erector Spinae, Superficial Layer
Spienius capitis
Semispinalis Group
Semispinalis capitis
Spinalis, Longissimus, and
Iliocostalis Group
Semispinalis cervicis
Longissimus capitis
Semispinalis thoracis
Spinalis cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Multifidus
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Part 1 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-11 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Part 2 of 2).
Erector Spinae,
Deep Layer
Intervertebral Muscles,
Posterior View
Spinal Flexors
Quadratus lumborum
Rotatores
Intertransversarii
Flexors of the Anterior
Cervical and Thoracic Spine
Longus
capitis
Spinous
process
of
vertebra
Thoracodorsal
fascia
Posterior view
Interspinales
Transverse
process of
vertebra
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Longus
colli
Table 11-8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Part 2 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-12b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.
Serratus
anterior
Internal intercostal
External
oblique
External intercostal
Tendinous
inscription
External oblique (cut)
Internal oblique
Cut edge of
rectus sheath
Linea alba
Rectus abdominis
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 11-12c Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.
Rectus
abdominis
Xiphoid
process
Costal
cartilages
External
oblique
Inferior
vena cava
External
intercostal
T10
Internal
intercostal
Central tendon
of diaphragm
Esophagus
Serratus
anterior
Diaphragm
Thoracic aorta
Spinal cord
Erector spinae group
c
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior view of the diaphragm
Table 11-9 Oblique and Rectus Muscle Groups (Part 1 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-5 Axial Musculature
•  Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
•  Functions of pelvic floor muscles
1.  Support organs of pelvic cavity
2.  Flex sacrum and coccyx
3.  Control movement of materials through urethra
and anus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-5 Axial Musculature
•  Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
•  Perineum
•  Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor, divided
into:
1.  Anterior urogenital triangle
2.  Posterior anal triangle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-5 Axial Musculature
•  Perineum
•  Urogenital diaphragm
•  Deep muscular layer between pubic bones
•  Supports the pelvic floor
•  And muscles of the urethra
•  Superficial muscles of the urogenital triangle
•  Support external genitalia
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-5 Axial Musculature
•  Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
•  Perineum
•  Pelvic diaphragm
•  Deep muscular layer extending to pubis
•  Supports anal triangle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissections
Vagina
Urogenital Triangle
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial
transverse perineal
Anus
Gluteus maximus
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Female
Figure 11-13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissections
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
OF PERINEUM
Urethra
Urogenital Diaphragm
External urethral sphincter
Deep transverse perineal
Central tendon of perineum
Pelvic Diaphragm
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
Levator
ani
External anal sphincter
Coccygeus
Sacrotuberous ligament
a
Female
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
ANAL TRIANGLE
Figure 11-13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissections
Testis
Urethra (connecting
segment removed)
Urogenital Triangle
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial
transverse perineal
Anus
Gluteus maximus
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Male
Figure 11-13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissections
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
OF PERINEUM
Urogenital Diaphragm
External urethral sphincter
Deep transverse perineal
Central tendon of perineum
Pelvic Diaphragm
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
Levator
ani
External anal sphincter
Coccygeus
Sacrotuberous ligament
b
Male
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
ANAL TRIANGLE
Table 11-10 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-14a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk (Part 1 of 4).
Superficial Dissection
Axial Muscles
Platysma
Appendicular Muscles
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus anterior
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 25; 39b
Figure 11-14a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk (Part 2 of 4).
Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Appendicular Muscles
Trapezius
Subclavius
Deltoid (cut
and reflected)
Pectoralis minor
Subscapularis
Pectoralis major
(cut and reflected)
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Teres major
Serratus anterior
a
Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 25; 39b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-14a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk (Part 3 of 4).
Superficial Dissection
Axial Muscles
External oblique
Rectus sheath
Superficial inguinal ring
a Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 25; 39b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-14a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk (Part of 4).
Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Internal oblique (cut)
External oblique
(cut and reflected)
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
a Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 25; 39b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-14b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.
Deep Dissection
Superficial Dissection
Axial Muscles
Axial Muscles
Semispinalis capitis
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Appendicular Muscles
Appendicular Muscles
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Rhomboid minor
(cut and reflected)
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Serratus posterior
superior
Teres major
Rhomboid major
(cut and reflected)
Triceps
brachii
Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
(cut and reflected)
Axial Muscles
Latissimus dorsi
(right side cut
and reflected)
Erector spinae
muscle group
Serratus posterior
inferior
External oblique
Thoracolumbar
fascia
Internal oblique
Iliac crest
b Posterior view
ATLAS: Plate 40a,b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-14b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk (Part 2 of 4).
Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis
Appendicular Muscles
Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Rhomboid minor
(cut and reflected)
Serratus posterior
superior
Rhomboid major
(cut and reflected)
Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
(cut and reflected)
b Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
ATLAS: Plate 40a,b
Figure 11-14b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk (Part 4 of 4).
Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Erector spinae
muscle group
Serratus posterior
inferior
External oblique
Internal oblique
b Posterior view
ATLAS: Plate 40a,b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-15a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Part 1 of 2).
Muscles That Position
the Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
(cut and reflected)
Internal intercostals
External intercostals
T12
a
Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 39a–d; 40a–b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-15b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissection
Muscles That Position
the Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius
b
Posterior view
ATLAS: Plates 27b; 40a–b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-15b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissection
Muscles That Position
the Pectoral Girdle
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Scapula
Serratus anterior
Triceps
brachii
T12 vertebra
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
b Posterior view
ATLAS: Plates 27b; 40a–b
Figure 11-15a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Part 1 of 2).
Muscles That Position
the Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
(cut and reflected)
Internal intercostals
External intercostals
T12
a
Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 39a–d; 40a–b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-11 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissection
Sternum
Clavicle
Muscles That
Move the Arm
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissection
Vertebra T1
Muscles That
Move the Arm
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Thoracolumbar fascia
b Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissection
Ribs (cut)
Muscles That
Move the Arm
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Teres major
Biceps brachii, short head
Biceps brachii, long head
Vertebra T12
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissection
Muscles That
Move the Arm
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii, long head
Triceps brachii, lateral head
b Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissection
Ribs (cut)
Muscles That
Move the Arm
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Teres major
Biceps brachii, short head
Biceps brachii, long head
Vertebra T12
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
11-6 Appendicular Musculature
•  Muscles That Move the Arm
•  Pectoralis major
•  Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of
humerus
•  Produces flexion at shoulder joint
•  Latissimus dorsi
•  Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus
•  Produces extension at shoulder joint
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissection
Sternum
Clavicle
Muscles That
Move the Arm
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Table 11-12 Muscles That Move the Arm.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-17b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
Coracoid process
of scapula
POSTERIOR
Humerus
Lateral head
Long head
Medial head
Coracobrachialis
Triceps
brachii
Muscles That Move
the Forearm
LATERAL
ACTION AT THE ELBOW
ANTERIOR
Humerus
Biceps brachii, short head
Vein
Biceps brachii, long head
Artery
Triceps brachii, long head
Nerve
Brachialis
Triceps brachii,
medial head
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Pronator teres
Muscles That Move the Hand
ACTION AT THE HAND
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digirorum superficialis
Pronator quadratus
Flexor retinaculum
b Anterior view, superficial layer
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-17a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
Muscles That Move
the Forearm
ACTION AT THE
ELBOW
Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
lateral head
Brachioradialis
Anconeus
Olecranon of ulna
Muscles That
Move the Hand
ACTION AT THE
HAND
Flexor
carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor
carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
ANTERIOR
Extensor digitorum
Flexor carpi radialis
Abductor
pollicis longus
Ulna
Extensor retinaculum
Extensor
pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis
longus
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Radius
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Abductor pollicis
longus
Extensor digitorum
Ulna
a Posterior view, superficial layer
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Brachioradialis
Extensor digiti minimi
POSTERIOR
Extensor pollicis
longus
Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Part 1 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Part 2 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-6 Appendicular Musculature
•  Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
•  Pronation and supination
•  Pronator teres and supinator
•  Originate on humerus and ulna
•  Rotate radius
•  Pronator quadratus
•  Originates on ulna
•  Assists pronator teres
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (a)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (b)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (c)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-18a Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
Tendon of
biceps brachii
Radius
Median nerve
Pronator teres (cut)
Brachial artery
Flexor carpi ulnaris
(retracted)
Brachioradialis
(retracted)
Muscles That Flex the
Fingers and Thumb
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum
profundus
LATERAL
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
MEDIAL
a Anterior view, middle layer
Figure 11-18b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
Brachialis
Supinator
Muscles That Flex the
Fingers and Thumb
Cut tendons
of flexor
digitorum
superficialis
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum
profundus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pronator
quadratus
b Anterior view, deepest layer
Figure 11-18c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
Anconeus
Muscles That
Extend the Fingers
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti
minimi
Abductor pollicis
longus
Tendon of
extensor
pollicis longus
MEDIAL
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Extensor pollicis
brevis
LATERAL
c Posterior view, middle layer
Figure 11-18d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
Anconeus
Supinator
Muscles That
Move the Thumb
Extensor pollicis
longus
Abductor pollicis
longus
Extensor
indicis
Ulna
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Radius
Tendon of
extensor digiti
minimi (cut)
Tendon of
extensor
digitorum (cut)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
d Posterior view, deepest layer
Figure 11-19b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
Tendon of extensor indicis
Tendons
of extensor
digitorum
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
First dorsal interosseus
Tendon of extensor
digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Tendon of extensor pollicis longus
Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis
Tendon of extensor
carpi radialis longus
Tendon of extensor
carpi ulnaris
Extensor retinaculum
Tendon of extensor
carpi radialis brevis
b Right hand, posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-6 Appendicular Musculature
•  Tendon Sheaths
•  Flexor retinaculum
•  Anterior surface of wrist
•  Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-19a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis
Synovial sheaths
Tendons of flexor digitorum
Intrinsic Muscles
of the Hand
Tendon of flexor pollicis longus
Lumbricals
Intrinsic Muscles
of the Thumb
Palmar interosseus
First dorsal interosseus
Adductor pollicis
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
Opponens pollicis
Palmaris brevis (cut)
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor retinaculum
Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Tendon of palmaris longus
Tendon of flexor carpi radialis
a Right hand, anterior (palmar) view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-14 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-19a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis
Synovial sheaths
Tendons of flexor digitorum
Intrinsic Muscles
of the Hand
Tendon of flexor pollicis longus
Lumbricals
Intrinsic Muscles
of the Thumb
Palmar interosseus
First dorsal interosseus
Adductor pollicis
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
Opponens pollicis
Palmaris brevis (cut)
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor retinaculum
Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Tendon of palmaris longus
Tendon of flexor carpi radialis
a Right hand, anterior (palmar) view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-19b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
Tendon of extensor indicis
Tendons
of extensor
digitorum
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
First dorsal interosseus
Tendon of extensor
digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Tendon of extensor pollicis longus
Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis
Tendon of extensor
carpi radialis longus
Tendon of extensor
carpi ulnaris
Extensor retinaculum
Tendon of extensor
carpi radialis brevis
b Right hand, posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-15 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-20a Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Iliac crest
Sacrum
Gluteus
medius (cut)
Gluteal Group
Gluteus medius
Gluteus
maximus
(cut)
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Obturator
internus
a Gluteal region, posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-20b Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Gluteal Group
Gluteus medius
Sartorius
Gluteus maximus
Tensor fasciae
latae
Rectus
femoris
Iliotibial tract
Vastus lateralis
Biceps femoris,
long head
Biceps femoris,
short head
Semimembranosus
Patella
Plantaris
Head of fibula
Patellar
ligament
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lateral view
Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Part 1 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-6 Appendicular Musculature
•  Adductors
•  Adductor magnus
•  Produces adduction, extension, and flexion
•  Adductor brevis
•  Hip flexion and adduction
•  Adductor longus
•  Hip flexion and adduction
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-20d Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Iliopsoas Group
Psoas major
Iliacus
L5
Lateral Rotator Group
Inguinal ligament
Piriformis
Adductor Group
Obturator internus
Pectineus
Obturator externus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
d Anterior view of
the iliopsoas and
adductor groups
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Part 2 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Muscles that Act on the Hip Joint
and Femur: An Overview
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Anterior Muscles that Cross the
Hip Joint
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Medial Muscles that Cross the Hip
Joint
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Cross the
Hip Joint
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-21a Muscles That Move the Leg.
Iliac crest
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae
latae
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Flexors of the Knee
Biceps femoris,
long head
Biceps femoris,
short head
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Popliteus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
a Hip and thigh, posterior view
Figure 11-21b Muscles That Move the Leg.
Anterior superior iliac spine
Inguinal ligament
Gluteus medius
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Pubic tubercle
Tensor fasciae
latae
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Sartorius
Extensors of the Knee
(Quadriceps muscles)
Iliotibial tract
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Quadriceps tendon
Patella
Patellar ligament
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quadriceps and thigh muscles, anterior view
Table 11-17 Muscles That Move the Leg.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Muscles that Cross the Knee
Joint: An Overview
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Anterior Extensors that Act on the
Knee
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Posterior Flexors that Act on the
Knee
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissection
Ankle Extensors
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius,
medial head
Gastrocnemius,
lateral head
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
(cut and removed)
Calcaneal
tendon
Calcaneus
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior views
Popliteus
Figure 11-22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissection
Head of fibula
Ankle Extensors
(Deep)
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Digital Flexors
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Tendon of flexor digitorum
longus
Tendon of flexor
hallucis longus
Tendon of fibularis brevis
Tendon of fibularis
longus
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior views
Figure 11-22b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Iliotibial
tract
Ankle
Extensors
Head of
fibula
Gastrocnemius,
lateral head
Ankle Flexors
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus
Soleus
Fibularis brevis
Digital Extensors
Extensor digitorum
longus
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Tendon of extensor
hallucis longus
Calcaneal tendon
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
Tendon of fibularis
tertius
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lateral view
Figure 11-22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Patella
Medial surface
of tibial shaft
Patellar
ligament
Ankle Flexors
Ankle Extensors
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius,
medial head
Soleus
Tibialis posterior
Digital Extensors
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Tendon of extensor
hallucis longus
Calcaneal tendon
Flexor retinaculum
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
c
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Medial view
Tendon of tibialis
anterior
Figure 11-22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissection
Head of fibula
Ankle Extensors
(Deep)
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Digital Flexors
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Tendon of flexor digitorum
longus
Tendon of flexor
hallucis longus
Tendon of fibularis brevis
Tendon of fibularis
longus
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior views
Figure 11-22d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Patellar
ligament
Fibularis
longus
Tibialis
anterior
Tibia
Extensor
digitorum
longus
Extensor
hallucis
longus
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Tendon of
extensor
digitorum
longus
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
Tendon of tibialis
anterior
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
d
Anterior view
Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 1 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 2 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Anterior Muscles that Act on the
Ankle and Foot
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Act on the
Ankle and Foot (a)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Act on the
Ankle and Foot (b)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11-23a Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Tendon of
fibularis brevis
Medial malleolus
of tibia
Lateral malleolus of fibula
Tendon of
tibialis anterior
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Tendon of fibularis tertius
Intrinsic Muscles
of the Great Toe
Tendons of extensor
digitorium longus
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Intrinsic Muscles
of the Foot
Abductor hallucis
Dorsal interossei
Tendon of extensor
hallucis longus
Tendons of extensor
digitorum brevis
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dorsal view
Figure 11-23b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
Superficial Muscles of the
Sole of the Foot
Fibrous tendon
sheaths
Intrinsic Muscles
of the Foot
Lumbricals
Tendons of
flexor digitorum
brevis overlying
tendons of flexor
digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
Plantar aponeurosis (cut)
Calcaneus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
b Plantar view, superficial layer
Figure 11-23c Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
Deep Muscles of the
Sole of the Foot
Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis
Intrinsic Muscles
of the Foot
Lumbricals
Tendons of flexor
digitorum longus
Tendon of flexor
hallucis longus
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Abductor hallucis
Quadratus plantae
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
Plantar aponeurosis (cut)
Tendon of
flexor digitorum
longus
Tendon of tibialis
posterior
Tendon of
fibularis longus
Calcaneus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
c Plantar view, deep layer
Table 11-19 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-7 Effects of Aging on the Muscular
System
•  Effects of Aging
•  Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter
•  Skeletal muscles become less elastic
•  Develop increasing amounts of fibrous tissue
(fibrosis)
•  Decreased tolerance for exercise
•  Decreased ability to recover from muscular injuries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
11-8 Muscular System Integration
•  Cardiovascular System
•  Delivers oxygen and fuel
•  Removes carbon dioxide and wastes
•  Respiratory System
•  Responds to oxygen demand of muscles
•  Integumentary System
•  Disperses heat from muscle activity
•  Nervous and Endocrine Systems
•  Direct responses of all systems
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.