Download GAS EXCHANGE

HONORS BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 22:
GAS EXCHANGE
Name____________________________________________________Per________
22.1 Read p. 454 Overview
Fill in the blanks of the three phases of gas exchange in animals with lungs:
1. Breathing: taking in air is called__________________ as a large amount of moist air covers the
lungs. What gas diffuses across the lungs and into the blood vessels? _______________What
gas diffuses from the blood and into the lungs?______________________
As you exhale, what gas leaves the body?___________________________
2. Transport of gases by the circulatory system: O2 attaches to what molecule in the blood?
___________________________(in the red blood cells)What are the small blood vessels that
carry oxygen to the body tissues?_____________________________(what color? Red or blue)
What color are the vessels that carry CO2 from the tissues back to the lungs? (red or blue)
3. Exchange of gases with body cells: Your cells take us what gas from the blood __________and
release what gas to the blood___________? In cellular respiration what gas is the final electron
acceptor?____________________What are the two waste products?______________________
and __________________ What powerful molecule to do work?_______________
22.2 Read pp. 454-455 Exchange O2 and CO2
1. Plasma membranes must be (wet or dry) to function properly.
2. Gas exchange takes place by ( osmosis or diffusion).
3. Usually a (multiple or single) layer of cells forms a respiratory surface.
MATCH the description of the gas exchange organ with its organism:
1._____use entire outer skin as gas exchange organ
A. clams and crayfish
2._____ gills, extensions of body surface for gas exchange
B. insects
3._____tracheal system of branching internal tubes
C. mammals
4._____internal sacs called lungs lined with moist epithelium D. earthworm
22.3 Read pp. 456-7 Gills in aquatic environments
1. Which has more dissolved oxygen in the water, the North Atlantic or the warm Caribbean? Why?
Honors Biology Study Guide 22 p. 2
2.
In the diagram to the left of fish gills:
-color the filaments (orange or pink)
-color the left sides of the capillaries red (oxygen-rich) and
the right side blue (oxygen-poor)
-circle one lamella (flattened plates)
Define: ventilation
What two structures do the fish use to ventilate their gills?
3.Define- countercurrent exchange: (color the water flow arrows green and the blood flow yellow in
the above diagram)
Looking at Fig. 22.3 at 15% water flow, how much blood flow is given ________%
At 100 % water flow, how much blood flow is given_______%
What would be the maximum % of the water’s O2 a gill could extract if its blood
flowed in the same direction as the water instead of counter to it? (HINT: see question on p. 457)______
22.4 Read p. 457 Tracheal System of Insects
1. What are the two advantages to breathing air:
a._____________________________________________________________________________
b._____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the disadvantage of an air-breathing animal?________________________________________
3. What are the largest respiratory
tubes called?_________________
Enlarged portions of these
structures are called ________sacs.
These keep branching into smaller
structures called______________
with tips of fluid. Does the insect
use its circulatory system to
transport gases? YES or NO
Honors Biology Chapter 22 Study Guide p. 3
22.5 READ p.458 Evolution of Lungs
1. Just as important was the evolution of legs to move animals on land, also was the evolution of what
breathing structure?________________
2. Describe a “fishapod:” (Give a fossil name that may have been one)
3.Describe the lung size of the three diverged lines of tetrapods:
A. amphibians
B. non-bird reptiles
C. Birds and mammals
22.6 Read pp.458-9 Human Respiratory System
1. Where are lungs located in mammals?_________________________________
2. What sheet of muscle is below the lungs?______________________________
3. What do the nostrils do for the air as it enters:
4. How are the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, and the epiglottis connected?
5. How are the larynx and voice box connected?
6. Sketch the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
7. What structures of the alveoli make it able to diffuse gases in and out of the blood easily?
8. What is the purpose of each of these in the respiratory system:
a. epithelium
b. cilia
c. mucous
9. What is the purpose of surfactants?
10. What problem would a premature baby born (before 33 weeks) with breathing?
11. Why do white blood cells patrol the alveoli?
Honors Biology Chapter 22 Study Guide p. 4
12. Why is smoking and air pollution especially harmful to alveoli?
13. You may have heard COPD commercials on TV. What is it and why is it harmful?
22.7 Read 460 Smoking
1. How many chemicals are in one drag of cigarette smoke?__________________
2. What does cigarette smoke do to cilia?________________________________________
3. What do smoke toxins do to white blood cells?__________________________________
4. What causes 90% of lung cancer?_________________________what disease is the next highest cause
of death due to cigarette smoking?_______________________
5. Smokers usually die how many years earlier that non-smokers?_________________
6. Are children and those around smokers also susceptible to these problems?_________
22.8 Read pp. 460-461 Negative Pressure in Lungs
1. _______________________ is the alternate inhalation and exhalation. This ventilation of your lungs
maintains ____________O2 and _______CO2 concentrations.
2. Fill in the following diagram with the correct words:
Air enters
lungs get smaller
rib cage up and out
Air leaves
lungs expand
rib cage down and in
diaphragm moves up
diaphragm moves down
3. Describe how Negative pressure ventilation explains breathing:
4. Each breath is about _________________mL for quiet breathing. What is the volume of air breathed
during maximal inhalation and exhalation called:___________________________
which is about _______L for female s and _________L for males.
5. What does it mean that the lungs have “dead air?”
Honors Biology Chapter 22 Study Guide p. 5
6. Why is bird gas exchange more efficient than that of humans?
22.9 Read p. 461 Breathing is Automatic
1. Where is the breathing control center in the brain?________________________
______________________
2. Fill in the missing words for the steps of automated breathing:
a. Nerve signals trigger contraction of the ________________muscles and ____________________.
b. What gas regulates the breathing rate? __________________it forms ___________________acid.
This _______________________the pH to _______________the rate and depth of breathing.
This eliminates the CO2 and the ___________of the blood returns to normal.
c. Secondary control over breathing is exerted by sensors in the ___________________and
________________________arteries. When the (what gas)_________________levels in the blood is
severely depressed, these sensors signal to _________________the rate and depth of breathing.
22.10-11 Read 462-3 Blood transport gases and hemoglobin
1. Why is the circulatory system mentioned in the respiratory system chapter?
2. See Fig. 22.10 Oxygen-rich blood enters the __________side of the heart, then travels to the tissues
of the body. The oxygen-poor blood enters the ________side of the heart, then travels to the lungs.
3. Give an example of partial pressure of either O2 or CO2 as it moves through the body:
4. How soluble is oxygen in water? _____________What is the iron-containing pigment in red blood
cells that binds to O2?_____________________________
5. O2 in the blood is transported bound to_____________________ within ____________ _________
cells, and CO2 is mainly transported as _____________ions within the plasma.
Write the reversible equation for carbon dioxide and water forms
carbonic acid and then a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion.
22.12 Read p. 463 Human Fetus Exchanges Gases with Mother’s Blood
How does fetal hemoglobin enhance oxygen transfer from mother to fetus across the placenta?