Download Chapter 24 Circulation

2015/5/25
Chapter 24 Circulation
32.1 FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEMS? (p.620)
1. Diffusion (p.620L)
(1) ago: the first cells in the primordial sea
(2) today:
(a) microorganisms
(b) Multicellular animals: require short diffusion distances
-simple animals: sponges circulate sea water through
pores = environment close to cell
-complex animals: cells farther away from outside
circulatory system = internal sea
2. 3 majors parts of the systems
(1) Pump; (2) Liquid; (3) Tubes
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32.1-1. Two Types of the Systems in Animals (p.620R)
1. Open systems: in many invertebrates (arthropods, mollusks)
(1) structures: (a)≧ one simple hearts; (b) vessels network;
(c) hemocoel: interconnected spaces; (d) hemolymph
(bathing fluid): blood & extracellular fluid
(2) functions: flow control (insects)
hemolymph → valves (shut or open) → contracting
chambers → vessels → hemocoel
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2. Closed systems: in some invertebrates (annelids, very
active mollusks); all vertebrates (p.620 right)
(1) structures: blood is confined in?
exchanges via vessels (branch elaborately)
(2) functions: compared with the open systems
- blood flow, transport, pressure
- earthworm: 5 contractile vessels → vessels (major, small)
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32.1-2 Diverse Functions in Vertebrates (p.621L)
- The system supports all the other organ systems
1. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide from ? to ?
2. Distributes nutrients from ? to ?
3. Transports wastes & toxics to liver for ? to kidney for?
4. Distributes hormones from ? to ?
5. Helps to regulate body temperature by ?
6. Helps to prevent bleeding by ?
7. Protects ? from diseases
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32.2 HOW DOES THE VERTEBRATE HEART WORK (p.622L)
-Heart consists of? (muscular chambers)
functions? (contraction)
-atria vs. ventricles: contraction & blood flow (into, through, to)
32.2-1 Complex and Efficient Hearts
During Evolution (p.622L)
1. Increasingly complex, why?
2. Hearts of the first vertebrates
(1) components
(2) Blood flow, exchange
- from
f
? through
th
h?
- from ? to ?
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3. Hearts of amphibians and reptiles (p.622R)
(1) components?
(2) flow of blood types to heart:
- Deoxygenated blood from ? into ?
the body; right atrium
right portion of ventricle; lungs
- Oxygenated blood from ? enters ?
(3) blood pumping out of heart:
-Mixing of blood types?
(4) Hearts of some reptiles (crocodiles)
& all birds
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32.2-2 4-chambered hearts with 2 separate pumps (p.622L)
1. Each pump = atrium collects → ventricle propels
2. One pump: deals with deoxygenated blood
(1) Components: which 2 chambers?
(2) Blood flow: from where? to where?
(3) Vessels (two largest veins, artery)
3. The other pump: oxygenated blood
(1) components: the heart’s most muscular chamber
(2) Blood flow, vessels (major artery vs. veins)
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32.2-3 Valves & Directions of Blood Flow (p.623L)
1. Prevention of reverse flow of blood
(1) Ventricles contract: prevent from flowing back up into?
(2) Heart relaxes: prevent blood in ? from flowing back into?
2. Directionality of blood flow
(1) one-way valves:
l
fforce (?) tto open & close
l
(2) Atrioventricular vs. semilunar valves: locations and
controls
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32.2-4 Muscle (?) Present Only in the Heart (p.623R)
1. Cardiac cell
(1) Small; (2) Branched; (3) Striped appearance, why?
2. Cell linkage by intercalated discs (band appearance)
((1)) Attachment jjunction ((desmosomes):
) strength
g
(2) Gap junctions: signal spread
3. Simultaneously contraction of interconnected region
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32.2-5 Coordinated Contractions – cardiac cycle (p.623R)
1. Heartbeat
(1) Cyclic sequences: chambers contract ←→ relax
(2) Actions: blood movement
2. Blood p
pressure: ((1)) Systolic;
y
; ((2)) Diastolic
3. Hypertension caused by
(1) Constriction of small arteries
(2) Resistance to blood flow
(3) Strain on the heart
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32.2-6 Electrical Impulses and Order of Contraction (p.624R)
1. Pacemaker
(1) Structure; (2) Function; (3) Sinoatrial node
-location
-signal
g
p
passage
g freely
y and rapidly,
p y, why?
y
2. Need delay between the contractions for: empty → refill
(1) Initiation of contraction wave
(2) Sweeping through the atria and contraction
(3) Barrier of electrically inexcitable tissue → AV node (delay)
(4) Signal to contract: AV node → AV bundle → branch
(5) Purkinje fibers → cardiac muscle cells
3. Disorders interfering with normal cardiac cycle
(1) Fibrillation: pacemaker failure
(2) Treatment: application a jolt of electricity
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32.2-7 Nerve and Hormones Affect Heart Rate (p.626L)
1. Heart rate vs. body’s activity level
2. SA node pacemaker: rhythm on its own?
3. Slow the heart rate by parasympathetic nervous system
4 Accelerate by sympathetic nerve
4.
32.3 Blood (p.626L)
1. Two major components
(1) Liquid (plasma): 55% of blood volume
(2) cell-based
cell based portion
2. Amount of blood
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32.3-1 Plasma (p.626R-627L)
1. 90% water but contains >100 molecules
2. transports?
3. ions: functions?
4 proteins: most abundant by weight
4.
(1) albumin: osmotic strength of blood
(2) globulins:
- Some are antibodies
- Others: blood clotting
- Still others: bind and transport insoluble substances
5. Fibrinogen
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32.3-2 Cell-Based Components (p.627L)
1. Originated blood stem cells in bone marrow
2. Stem cells?
32.3-3 Erythrocytes (p.627R)
1. amount: 90% of all blood cells; 45% of total blood volume
2. Shape: surface area (biconcave disc vs. spherical)
- Ability to absorb and release oxygen
3. Color: iron-containing protein
4. Hemoglobin
- Bind & carry oxygen
- Color: oxygenated vs.
vs deoxygenated
- Binds loosely to oxygen
- Life span; breakdown of dead cells
- Iron recycling; loss; dieting
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32.3-4 Negative Feedback Regulation on RBC (p.628L)
1. RBC numbers = blood oxygen
2. Erythropoietin produced by kidney → RBC production
3. Lack of oxygen caused by…
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32.3-5 WBC (p.628R)
1. 5 types of leukocytes:
2. Life span: hours to years; amount <1% of blood cells
3. Monocytes enter tissues → macrophages → engulfing
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32.3-6 Platelets (p.629L)
1. formation:
-megakaryocytes → membrane-enclosed cytoplasm
2. role?
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32.3-6.1 Blood clotting
1. A complex process
2. Goal: protects from loss of massive
amounts of blood: trauma & minor wear
3. Sequential events (blocking)
(1) Rupture → collagen protein → ? → platelet plug (partial
blocking)
(2) ? release substances → reactions (prothrombin → ?)
(3) Fibrinogen (soluble) → fibrin (insoluble) → network around?
4. Healing
g
(1) Increasing clot density: protein web trapping blood cells
(2) Creating denser & stronger clot:
- platelet gripping by sticky projections
- platelet contraction: pulling fibrin web & damaged surfaces
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32.4 BLOOD VESSELS & FUNCTIONS (p.629R)
1. Blood vessel types?
2. Fundamentally similar structure: 3 cellular layers, except?
(1) Lined with? Exception?
(2) Second layer?
(3) The outmost layer?
3. Problems with blood vessels?
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32.4-1 Arteries & Arterioles (p.630)
1. Arteries
(1) Walls: thicker & far more elastic than ?
(2) Expand & recoil: help blood pump and keep steady flow of?
2. Arterioles: determine blood distribution within the body
32.4-2 Capillaries Allow Exchange (p.630)
1. Structure: thin (how? microscopically, a single cell thick!)
2. Function: allow body cells exchange matters with the blood
3. So narrow? Compared with RBC!
4. Also so numerous? By diffusion distance to body cells!
5. Low blood pressure and flow rate
(1) Moving through narrow, length network
(2) Allow more time for diffusion
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6. Exchanging materials between blood & bathing fluid
(1) Plasma leaking continuously: where? why?
(2) Extracellular fluid = plasma without? As an intermediary
7. Routes for substances across capillary wall (p.631L)
(1) Through endothelial cell membrane
(2) Through narrow spaces between cells
(3) Ferried in vesicles
(4) Comparing the fluid with blood, with plasma
8. The venous side of capillary
(1) Blood pressure? Osmotic pressure?
(2) Much (?%) of the fluid is restored to the blood
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32.4-3 Veins & Venules (p.634L)
1. Veins
(1) Return blood back toward heart
- Low resistance pathway: walls more expandable than
those of arteries
- One-way valves keep blood flowing
- Pressure changes by respiration
- Squeezing force during exercise
(2) Prolonged sitting or standing → swollen ankles, why?
- Venous blood pools → Increase capillary pressure → less
return
(3) Regular extended periods of sitting or standing → varicose
- Valves stretched and weakened
2. If blood pressure should fall
-sympathetic nerve → vein contraction → reduce volume27→
raise blood pressure
32.4-4 Arterioles & Blood Flow (p.634R)
1. Muscular walls are influenced by?
(1) ?; (2) ?; (3) chemicals produced by nearby tissues
2. Skin become pale, why?
Nerve → muscle contraction in ? → reduce blood to capillary
3. Effect of contraction
(1) Overall effect: raise blood pressure
(2) Selective effect: redirect blood flow for vigorous action
4. Finger and toe frostbit vs. skin flush (for? constant internal
temperature)
5 F
5.
Further
th regulation
l ti off flflow iin capillaries
ill i
(1) By what? (2) Where? (3) How?
(4) Effect of accumulation of carbon dioxide, lactic acid, etc.
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32.5 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (p.635L)
1. Components = some organs + vessels
2. Functions:
(1) Return what? to where?
(2) Transport what? to where?
(3) Filter what? from what?
(4) Defend the body by exposing what? to where?
32.5-1 Lymphatic vessels resemble what circulatory vessels?
1. Similarities: branching, thin
2. Differences
(1) Far more permeable; (2) absent from? (3) dead-end
dead end in?
3. Lymph flow impetus
(1) contractions; (2) internal pressure changes; (3) exercise
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32.5-2 Returning fluid to the blood (p.635R)
1. Blood leak out ＞ reabsorption
2. Return of excess fluid (3-4 L)
(1) pressure; (2) flap-like openings ≒ one-way doors
3. Routes and merging into vein, where?
4 Blockage of lymphatic vessels; elephantiasis
4.
32.5-3 Fats Transport (p.637L)
1. Fatty meal → milky white color lymph, why?
2. fat-transporting particles: too large to?
32.5
32
5-4
4 Defend & Filter (p
(p.637R)
637R)
1. Organs of the system: immune response
2. Spleen
(1) Supplied by both systems
(2) Filtering with porous interior lined with ?
(3) Removing what from the blood?
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