Download Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rock Formation and Characteristics

Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rock Formation and Characteristics (6.1 & 6.2)
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Weathering, Erosion and Deposition
•
Produces ____________________: small pieces of rock that are moved and _________________by water, wind
and gravity
Erosion

The ____________________ and ____________________ of sediments

Agents of erosion
1) ____________________
2) _____________________________
3) ____________________
4) ____________________
Deposition
•
Settles with the _________________grains at the __________ of the layering and the _______________ grains
at the _________
Lithification
•
Lithos = _____________ (Greek)
•
Think “lithosphere” = ___________________
•
Definition________________________________________________________________________________
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Two parts of the process:
–
Compaction
–
Cementation
Lithification part 1 ________________________
•
The _____________forces the sediment grains to get closer and closer together causing physical changes to
occur
•
_______can contain up to ________________ that gets squeezed out
•
_____________ does not compact as much as mud does because sand is mostly ______________
•
Grain to grain contact in sand forms a supporting framework that maintains
____________________________________________________
Lithification part 2 ________________________
•
Minerals like _____________CaCO3 and _________________ Fe2O3 flow through the _________________ left
by compaction
•
The minerals linger and ______________ the grains together forming __________________________
Sedimentary Features
•
Sedimentary rock tells geologists the history of the area
•
_____________________: predominant feature of sedimentary rock is the __________________________
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Feature results from the way water or wind causes the sediment to settle out
–
Two types of bedding
Bedding Type #1: __________________________
•
Bedding in which ____________________ particles are located near the ___________________ of the
sedimentary rock
Bedding Type #2: ___________________________
•
_________________layers of sediment deposited along a _______________________
Ripple Marks
–
Evidence that the sediment was formerly moved by _______________________
Fossils
•
The best known feature of sedimentary rock is the propensity to find fossils in it
•
During __________________ the animal’s parts (like the __________) can be replaced by _____________ and
turned to rock which make up a fossil
Types of Sedimentary Rock

________________ / ______________________
o

Made up of solid particles (gravel, sand, silt, and clay) derived from preexisting rocks through
weathering processes
______________________
o
Sedimentary rocks that result from ________________________________________________________
or from the chemical activities of organisms
Clastic / Detrital Sedimentary Rocks



Coarse-grained
o
_______________________ fragments
o
Typed of rock formed: ____________________ (rounded gravel), __________________ (angular gravel)
o
Formed by high-energy flows of __________________
Medium-grained
o
______________ fragments
o
Type of rock formed: ___________________
o
Formed by stream and river channels, beaches, deserts
o
Importance: due to pore spacing, fluids can move through and hold reservoirs of ____________,
_________________________, and __________________________
Fine-grained
o
___________ and ___________ fragments
o
Type of rock formed: ___________________, ___________________, _______________________
o
Importance: low porosity resulting in a barrier to movement of ___________________ and __________
Inorganic Sedimentary Rock

____________________ - Forms as a result of crystal grains precipitating out of a supersaturated body of water
o
Type of rock formed: ________________________ (made up of the mineral gypsum) and ____________
___________ (made up of the mineral halite)
Chemical Sedimentary Rock

_______________________ - forms as a result of the chemical processes of organisms and many types of plant
and/or animal remains
o
Types of rock formed: ___________________, ________________, ________________
o
Form in shallow water, swamp, and coastal environments
Importance of Sedimentary Rock
•
•
Provide historical timeline for area. Leaves a ‘___________________’ of all that’s come before us.
–
Past plants and animals
–
Bedrock
–
Ancient rivers, lakes and shorelines
Provides resources
–
_____________________________________________________________AKA: ___________________
–
_______________________________________
–
_________________________________
–
_______________________________________
METAMORPHIC ROCK
•
Meta means _________________
•
Morphe means _________________
•
A metamorphic rock forms when ___________________________________________ combine and change the
texture, mineral composition or chemical composition of a rock without ___________________________
Agents of Metamorphism
1) Heat

Increasing temperatures can
2) Pressure
o
Break ___________________ ____________
o
Increase ____________________ ____________
o
And lead to formation of _________ ______________________

Increasing confining pressures produce ________________ __________________ and new minerals
with more “________________” ______________________ structures.

_____________________ _______________________ - Much of the pressure exerted on rocks does
NOT push in on the rock evenly from all directions
o
Can develop at ________________________ _______________ _______________________
o
Can also result in ________________________ of the rock
Metamorphic Textures
•
Metamorphic Rocks are classified into two _______________________________
1) _________________________- layers and bands (left)
2) _________________________- blocky crystal shapes (right)
Metamorphic Grades
1) ______________________________ - associated with __________ temperatures and pressures
2) ______________________________ - associated with __________ temperatures and pressures
Types of Metamorphic Rock
1) _________________________________

When a large belt has metamorphosed ___________________________

Results include changes in ____________________ and rock types, plus _____________________ and
deformation of rock layers

_______________________ can be an example of regional metamorphism
o
Occurs where rocks are squeezed between 2 converging tectonic plates during mountain building
2) _________________________________

When molten material (such as an igneous intrusion) comes into contact with solid rock _____________
______________________________ has occurred

As the ______________________ from an intrusion increases, it is harder for contact metamorphism to
occur since the temperature drops dramatically (the further away you go)
3) _________________________________

When hot water reacts with rock and alters its chemical and mineral composition, __________________
___________________________ has occurred

________________________________ of Au, Cu, Zn, Pb, and W form in this manner
Economic Importance of Metamorphic Rocks and Minerals
•
Metamorphism of ultrabasic igneous rocks produce the minerals _________and ________________
•
____________________ can be formed by the metamorphism of ______________________