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Study Guide # 1: Genetics
Name: ____________________
Textbook: pg 286 - 317
DNA molecule
1. Define:
i. Transformation: ____________________________________________________________________
ii. Bacteriophage: _____________________________________________________________________
iii. DNA: _____________________________________________________________________________
iv. Nucleotide: _______________________________________________________________________
v. Nitrogenous base: __________________________________________________________________
vi. Purines: ___________________________________________________________________________
vii. Pyrimidines: ________________________________________________________________________
viii. Base pairing: ________________________________________________________________________
2. On the lines provided, match the letter of the scientist(s) with the description of his or their conclusions.
a. Griffith
b. Avery
c. Hershey and Chase
_________________________ 1. concluded that the genetic material of a bacteriophage is DNA
_________________________ 2. concluded that DNA was the factor that transmits genetic information from one
generation to the next.
__________________________3. concluded that bacteria could be transformed from harmless to disease-causing
by an unknown factor
3. Describe Watson and Crick`s model of the DNA molecule: ___________________________________________
4. A double helix looks like a twisted ladder. Which parts of a twisted ladder are analogous to the hydrogen bonds
and sugar-phosphate backbones of a double helix of DNA?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Define Chargaff’s rules: _______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Put in order from the most complex to the least complex: nucleus, gene, chromosome, DNA, nitrogenous base,
cell ____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Define DNA Replication: ______________________________________________________________________
8. How is the rule of base pairing involved in DNA Replication? _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Explain the role of DNA polymerase during DNA Replication: _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Describe the relationship between DNA, chromatin, histones, and nucleosomes: __________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
11. In eukaryotes, DNA
a. is located in the nucleus.
b. floats freely in the cytoplasm.
12. In prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in the
a. nucleus.
b. cytoplasm. c. ribosome. d. histone.
c. is located in the ribosomes.
13. During replication, which sequence of nucleotides would bond with the DNA sequence TATGA?
a. TATAGA
b. UAUGA
c. ATACT
d. ATACA
e. AUAGA
14. How are DNA and RNA similar? How are they different?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
15. The three main types of RNA are __________________, ___________________, and ____________________.
16. Which RNA molecule carries amino acids?
a. messenger RNA
b. transfer RNA
c. ribosomal RNA
17. Protein synthesis has ______ stages:
1) ____________________: from DNA to mRNA; which happens inside the ______________
2) ____________________: from mRNA to protein; which happens on the ________________
18. Describe the job of RNA polymerase during transcription: ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
19. What is the difference between exons and introns? __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
20. What is a codon? ____________________________________________________________________________
21. What is an anticodon? How does it function? ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
22. If a code on a DNA molecule for a specific amino acid is CTA, what would be the mRNA codon? _______
What would be the tRNA anticodon? _______
23. What happens during the process of translation?
a. Messenger RNA is made from DNA.
b. The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
c. Transfer RNA is made from messenger RNA.
24. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids?
a. 3
b. 9
c. 6
d. 12
25. Using the figure 12-17 on pg 303 of your textbook, fill in the missing mRNA strand and the amino acid sequence
for gene 1 in the chart below. Then, fill in the missing DNA bases in the DNA strand and the amino acid
sequence for gene 2 in the chart below.
Gene 1
Gene 2
DNA strand:
GTT
CGA
TTT
TAC
AAA
mRNA strand:
____
____
____
____
____
Amino acid sequence:
____
____
____
____
____
DNA strand:
____
____
____
____
____
mRNA strand:
GAA
CAU
UCG
CGU
ACU
Amino acid sequence:
____
____
____
____
____
26. Identify one of the mRNA codons that would stop the coding process: _________
27. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions on the lines provided.
a. What process is illustrated in Figure 3?
__________________________________
b. Identify structure C in Figure 3.
________________________
c. Which labeled structure in Figure 3 is a
codon? ______
d. Which labeled structure in Figure 3 is an
anticodon? ______
e. Identify structure D in Figure 3.
___________________________
28. On the lines provided, complete the following sentences.
a. Genetic information is altered when changes in the DNA sequence, called ________________, occur.
b. Changes in the DNA sequence of a single gene are called _____________________________.
c. The DNA sequence of an entire chromosome is affected by a(an) ________________________________.
29. The diagram below shows a normal gene sequence and three mutated sequences of a segment of DNA.
Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the cause of each
type of mutation?
30. What are the two kinds of frameshift mutations? ____________________ and _____________________
31. Define point mutation: ________________________________________________________________________
32. The DNA sequence undergoes the following change: TACACACAAACGGGG  TACACCCAAACGGGG
Show how the sequence of amino acids would be changed as a result of this mutation.
(Hint: Use the chart on pg 303 of your book; you are provided the DNA sequence, not the mRNA!)
33. A certain DNA strand has the base sequence: A-A-A-T-T-A-T-T-G-T-G-A
Write the sequence of amino acids synthesized from this code if it is read from left to right.
Describe how a protein would be changed if a base sequence TGA changes to TGG.
34. On the lines provided, identify each diagram as one of the following mutations: translocation, inversion,
duplication, deletion. Then, describe what happens during each mutation.
35. What is the significance of mutations to living things? _______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
36. Identify two genetic disorders that are caused by a gene mutation: __________________________________
37. Define polyploidy: ________________________________________________________________________
38. Define:
a. differentiation: ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b. gene expression: __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
39. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. Mutations do not occur in hox genes.
b. Hox genes that are found in different animals are very different from each other.
c. Hox genes control the normal development of an animal.
d. Hox genes occur in clusters.
40. The types of human cells shown below are different from one another,
even though they all originated from the same fertilized egg and
contain the same genetic information.
•
Explain why these genetically identical cells can differ in structure and
function.