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Physical Science Study Guide Semester 1 2009
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. The prefix kilo- means ____.
a. 1,000
c. 0.01
b. 100
d. 0.001
2. The correct symbol for the SI unit of temperature is ____.
a. ºC
c. K
b. ºF
d. s
3. The SI unit that is used to measure time is the ____.
a. kelvin
c. second
b. kilogram
d. meter
4. The variable plotted on the horizontal or x-axis is called the ____.
a. dependent variable
c. variable with the largest range
b. independent variable
d. variable with the smallest range
5. A box is 25 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 4 cm high. How many cubic centimeters of water can it hold?
a. 600
c. 150
25
b.
d. 24
6. The lightbulb is an example of ____.
a. a dependent variable
c. pure science
an
exercise
b.
d. technology
7. The process of gathering information through the senses is called ____.
a. analysis
c. hypothesis
observation
b.
d. inference
8. When designing an experiment, the first step is to ____.
a. analyze the data
b. list a procedure
c. state a hypothesis
d. state the problem
9. A rule or principle that describes what happens in nature is a ____.
a. hypothesis
c. scientific law
b. problem
d. theory
10. An explanation of an event that is based on repeated observations and experiments is a ____.
a. hypothesis
c. problem
b. scientific law
d. theory
11. An idea, event, or object can be represented by a ____ to help people better understand it.
a. constant
c. law
b. hypothesis
d. model
12. The application of scientific knowledge to help people is ____.
a. a discovery
c. pure science
b. a hypothesis
d. technology
13. The process of learning more about the natural world is ____.
a. an experiment
b. a control
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14. Models can be used to describe which of the following environments?
a. the floor of the ocean
c. space
b. volcanoes
d. all of the above
15. The three branches of science are ____, Earth, and physical.
a. space
c. life
physics
b.
d. chemistry
16. When designing an experiment, the first step is to ____.
a. draw conclusions
c. recognize a problem
form
a
hypothesis
b.
d. test a hypothesis
17. When conducting an experiment, the last step is to ____.
a. analyze the data
c. form a hypothesis
draw
conclusions
b.
d. recognize a problem
18. A camera is an example of ____.
a. an experiment
c. technology
b. a robot
d. a scientific method
19. If you ride your bicycle down a straight road for 500 m then turn around and ride back, your distance is
____ your displacement.
a. greater than
b. equal to
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c. a hypothesis
d. science
c. less than
d. can’t determine
20. Motion is a change in ____.
a. time
c. velocity
speed
b.
d. position
21. The speed you read on a speedometer is ____.
a. instantaneous speed
c. average speed
constant
speed
b.
d. velocity
22. 3 m/s north is an example of a(n) ____.
a. speed
c. position
velocity
b.
d. acceleration
23. The relationship among speed, distance, and time is ____.
a. t = s/d
c. s = dt
d
=
t/s
b.
d. s = d/t
24. A single point on a distance-time graph tells the ____.
a. instantaneous speed
c. constant speed
b. average speed
d. average velocity
25. A merry-go-round horse moves at a constant speed but at a changing ____.
a. velocity
c. inertia
b. balanced force
d. unbalanced force
26. Acceleration is rate of change of ____.
a. position
c. velocity
b. time
d. force
27. If you ride your bike up a hill, then ride down the other side, your acceleration is ____.
a. all positive
c. first positive, then negative
b. all negative
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d. first negative, then positive
28. The equation used to find acceleration is a = ____.
a. vf – vi/t
c. vi – vf /t
b. v/t
d. vi + vf/t
29. A horizontal line on a velocity/time graph shows ____ acceleration.
a. positive
c. changing
b. negative
d. zero
30. The upward force on an object falling through the air is ____.
a. air resistance
c. momentum
b. inertia
d. terminal velocity
31. The relationship among mass, force, and acceleration is explained by ____.
a. conservation of momentum
b. Newton's first law of motion
c. Newton's second law of motion
d. Newton's third law of motion
32. A feather will fall through the air more slowly than a brick because of ____.
a. air resistance
c. inertia
b. gravity
d. momentum
33. The acceleration due to gravity is ____.
a. 98 m/s2
c. 9.8 m/s
2
b. 9.8 m/s
d. 0.98 m/s
34. According to Newton's second law of motion, ____.
a. F = m × a
c. F = p × a
b. F = m × v
d. F = p × v
35. When an object moves in a circular path, it accelerates toward the center of the circle as a result of ____.
a. centripetal force
c. gravitational force
b. frictional force
d. momentum
36. The path of a projectile is ____.
a. curved
c. always vertical
b. always horizontal
d. straight
37. For any object, the greater the force that's applied to it, the greater its ____ will be.
a. acceleration
c. inertia
b. gravity
d. velocity
38. A real car moving at 10 km/h has more momentum than a toy car moving at the same speed because the real
car ____.
a. generates less friction
b. has greater mass
c. has less mass
d. has greater forward motion
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39. In the equation p = m × v, the p represents ____.
a. friction
c. momentum
b. inertia
d. position
40. The statement "to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction" is ____.
a. the law of conservation of momentum
b. Newton's first law of motion
c. Newton's second law of motion
d. Newton's third law of motion
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41. The unit of momentum is ____.
a. kg × m
c. kg × m/s2
b. kg × m/s
d. m/s2
42. A 300-N force acts on a 25-kg object. The acceleration of the object is ____.
a. 7,500 m/s2
c. 25 m/s2
b. 300 m/s2
d. 12 m/s2
43. A 3,000-N force acts on a 200-kg object. The acceleration of the object is ____.
a. 50 m/s2
c. 15 m/s2
b. 26 m/s2
d. 150 m/s2
44. An object that is in free fall seems to be ____.
a. not moving
b. slowed by air resistance
c. speeded up by air resistance
d. weightless
Figure 3-1
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45. A ball attached to a string is being swung in a clockwise circular path as shown in Figure 3-1. Assume the
string breaks at point A. In which direction will the ball be traveling an instant later?
a. direction a
c. direction c
b. direction b
d. direction d
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46. A ball attached to a string is being swung in a clockwise circular path as shown in Figure 3-1. In which
direction will the acceleration on the ball be when the ball passes point A?
a. direction a
c. direction c
b. direction b
d. direction d
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47. The kinetic energy of an object increases as its ____ increases.
a. gravitational energy
c. specific heat
b. potential energy
d. velocity
48. You can calculate kinetic energy by using the equation ____.
a. KE (J) = m (kg) × 9.8 m/s2 × h (m)
c. KE (J) = 1/2 m (kg) × v2 (m2/s2)
b. KE (J) = w (m) × h (m)
d. KE (J) = 9.8 m/s2 × 1/2 m (kg)
49. You can calculate gravitational potential energy by using the equation ____.
a. GPE (J) = 1/2m (kg) × 1/2h (m)
b. GPE (J) = m (kg) × 9.8 m/s2 × h (m)
____
c. GPE (J) = h (m) × 9.8 m/s2
d. GPE (J) = 1/2h (m) × w (m)
50. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount of energy in the universe ____.
a. remains constant
c. increases
b. changes constantly
d. decreases
Figure 5-1
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51. The fixed pulley shown in Figure 5-1 does which one of the following?
a. doubles the force required to lift the block
b. decrease the force required to lift the block
c. makes the block easier to lift by changing the direction of the force needed to lift it
d. decreases the force required and changes the direction of the force required
52. A slanted surface used to raise an object is a(n) ____.
a. efficiency board
c. inclined plane
b. effort ramp
d. screw
53. A device that does work with only one movement and changes the size or direction of a force is a(n) ____.
a. compound machine
c. screw
b. effort machine
d. simple machine
54. A bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point is a ____.
a. fulcrum
c. ramp
b. lever
d. screw
55. The rate at which work is done is called ____.
a. efficiency
c. force
b. effort time
d. power
56. The amount by which a machine multiplies an effort force is called the ____.
a. efficiency factor
c. mechanical advantage
b. fulcrum
d. resistance force
57. An inclined plane with one or two sloping sides forms a machine called a ____.
a. pulley
c. ramp
b. lever
d. wedge
58. An inclined plane wrapped around a cylindrical post is a ____.
a. block and tackle
c. ramp
lever
b.
d. screw
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59. A winding mountain road is an example of a(n) ____.
a. block and tackle
c. inclined plane
b. lever
d. wheel and axle
60. When two or more simple machines work together, they are called a(n)____.
a. compound machine
b. effort machine
c. screw
d. simple machine
61. The unit of power is the ____.
a. joule
c. m/s
b. watt
d. second
62. An arrangement of pulleys designed to reduce the effort force is called a ____.
a. block and tackle
c. movable pulley
b. fixed pulley
d. simple pulley
63. Two simple machines that are part of a bicycle are a(n)____.
a. gear and a wheel and axle
c. inclined plane and a wedge
b. inclined plane and a lever
d. screw and an inclined plane
64. The phase of the Moon that immediately precedes the new Moon is the ____.
a. waxing crescent
c. waning crescent
b. first quarter
d. third quarter
65. Dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon's surface that were formed when interior lava filled large
basins are called ____.
a. craters
b. volcanoes
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c. maria
d. sedimentary rocks
66. A ____ occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth and throws a shadow on Earth.
a. solar eclipse
c. waning gibbous
b. lunar eclipse
d. waxing gibbous
67. The Sun's rays strike Earth at their northernmost and southernmost positions during ____.
a. winter and summer solstices
b. spring and fall equinoxes
c. lunar eclipses
d. solar eclipses
68. The yearly orbit of Earth around the Sun is called its ____.
a. rotation
c. revolution
b. ellipse
d. tilt
69. The presence of maria on the Moon indicates that ____.
a. the Moon contains lava beneath its surface
b. many meteorites have hit the Moon recently
c. few meteorites have hit the Moon
d. the Moon has a dense atmosphere
70. Summer occurs on the hemisphere of Earth that is ____.
a. turned away from the Sun
c. tilted away from the Sun
b. tilted toward the Sun
d. turned toward the Sun
71. The Viking landers sent back pictures of the reddish-colored, barren, rocky, windswept surface of ____.
a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
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72. Methane absorbs the red and yellow light on ____, while the clouds of these planets reflect the green and
blue light.
a. Venus and Earth
b. Uranus and Neptune
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c. Uranus
d. Mars
c. Saturn and Jupiter
d. Neptune and Venus
73. Pluto's orbit sometimes causes this planet to be the ninth, and not the eighth, planet from the Sun.
a. Uranus
c. Neptune
b. Saturn
d. Jupiter
74. ____ has colorful clouds in bands of white, red, tan, and brown.
a. Saturn
c. Jupiter
b. Uranus
d. Neptune
75. Two of the inner planets are ____.
a. Venus and Saturn
c. Earth and Pluto
b. Mars and Venus
d. Mercury and Jupiter
76. Scientists know the least about the planet ____.
a. Neptune
c. Uranus
b. Pluto
d. Saturn
77. Small pieces of rock that enter Earth's atmosphere at speeds of 15 to 70 km/s and burn up are called ____.
a. stars
c. meteorites
meteors
b.
d. asteroids
78. This planet has no true atmosphere.
a. Mars
c. Jupiter
Saturn
b.
d. Mercury
79. Pluto differs from the other outer planets in that ____.
a. it is not surrounded by a dense atmosphere
b. it is the only outer planet with a solid, rocky surface
c. its moon, Charon, has a diameter equal to half of Pluto's
d. all of the above
80. ____ is an outer planet with an unusual orbit.
a. Jupiter
c. Pluto
b. Saturn
d. Mercury
81. ____ is the largest planet in the solar system, is the fifth planet from the Sun, and has colorful clouds. One
of its 17 moons is the most volcanically active object in the solar system. The planet has a liquid ocean and
atmosphere comprised mostly of hydrogen and helium. It may have a rocky core, although its extreme
pressure and temperature would make the core different from any rock on Earth.
a. Jupiter
c. Uranus
b. Saturn
d. Neptune
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82. People once believed that all planets and stars orbited around ____.
a. Mercury
c. Earth
b. Venus
d. Mars
83. Planets formed from ____ left over from the formation of the Sun at the center of the cloud.
a. gravel
c. solar wind
b. gas, ice, and dust
d. asteroids
Matching
Match each term with one of the descriptions below.
a. effort force
e. simple machine
b. compound machine
f. resistance force
c. power
g. efficiency
d. mechanical advantage
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84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
work output of a machine divided by the work input
ratio of resistance force to effort force
device that does work with only one movement
the force you apply to a simple machine
device made up of more than one simple machine
Match each term with the correct description below.
a. sphere
f. equinox
b. axis
g. winter solstice
c. rotation
h. Moon phases
d. revolution
i. waxing
e. ellipse
j. new Moon
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89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
Earth's yearly orbit around the Sun
changing appearances of the Moon from Earth
round, three-dimensional object and model of Earth
Moon phase in which none of the lighted surface of the Moon can be seen from Earth
when the Sun's rays strike Earth directly at the equator
turning of Earth on its axis
Moon phases in which the amount of lighted surface seen on Earth increases
December 21 or 22
imaginary line extending between the poles around which Earth spins
shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun
Figure 23-1
Match each description with the correct term below.
a. first quarter
f. lunar eclipse
b. full moon
g. maria
c. new moon
h. craters
d. third quarter
i. 27.3 days
e. solar eclipse
____
99. occurrence caused by Earth's coming between the Sun and the Moon and casting its shadow on the Moon
____
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100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
Moon phase in which none of the lighted surface of the Moon can be seen from Earth
amount of time of the Moon's revolution and rotation
depressions on the Moon caused by the impact of meteorites
waxing Moon phase in which one half of the Moon's lighted surface can be seen from Earth
occurrence caused by the Moon's being between the Sun and Earth and casting its shadow on Earth
dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon formed from lava filling large basins
phase in which all of the lighted side of the Moon can be seen from Earth
waning Moon phase in which one half of the lighted side of the Moon can be seen from Earth
Match each planet with the correct description below.
a. Mars
f. Mercury
b. Jupiter
g. Venus
c. Saturn
h. Uranus
d. Pluto
i. Neptune
e. Earth
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108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
dark-colored storms and eight moons
iron oxide and polar ice caps
largest planet
smallest planet
axis of rotation tilted on its side
greenhouse effect causes extremely high surface temperatures
craters, cliffs, and a weak magnetic field
liquid water oceans
most complex ring system
Match the planets below with the letters labeling the planets in Figure 24-1.
Figure 24-1
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117.
118.
119.
120.
Earth
Mercury
Neptune
Venus
____
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121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
Uranus
Pluto
Mars
Saturn
Jupiter
Match the comet parts below with the letters labeling the parts in Figure 24-2.
Figure 24-2
____ 126. Tail
____ 127. Coma
____ 128. Nucleus
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 129. When observing and recording the results of an experiment, observations may include both measurements
and descriptions.
____ 130. Scientific models are often used to help scientists understand a problem.
____ 131. Data tables help you to organize your observations and test results.
____ 132. A hypothesis is a decision based on the results of the experiment.
____ 133. Balanced forces acting on an object cause the object to accelerate.
____ 134. The momentum of a 5,000-kg truck that is standing still is greater than the momentum of a 3,000-kg truck
that is also at rest.
____ 135. When an object falls, it is reacting to the force of gravity.
____ 136. Jane is on a merry-go-round that is moving at a constant speed. Her velocity is also constant.
____ 137. Momentum is a property of an object and cannot be transferred from that object to another object.
____ 138. Objects in Earth's orbit appear to be weightless because they are in free fall.
____ 139. Energy doesn't have to involve motion.
____ 140. Energy is the ability to cause change.
____ 141. Energy is measured in joules.
____ 142. As mass decreases, kinetic energy increases.
____ 143. Lowering an object decreases its potential energy.
____ 144. Carbohydrates and fats provide our bodies with energy in the form of calories.
____ 145. When a machine is used to do work, the force applied by the machine is called the effort force.
____ 146. Under certain conditions, it is possible to get more work out of a machine than you put into it.
____ 147. Some machines don't multiply the force that is applied to them.
____ 148. Examples of all three classes of levers are found in the human body.
____ 149. In order for work to be done on a object, the object must move.
____ 150. A total solar eclipse can be seen only by people in the area of Earth within the Moon's umbra.
____ 151. Earth rotates on its axis about once every year.
____ 152. Night and day on Earth are caused by Earth's revolution around the Sun.
____ 153. The summer solstice occurs in June in the northern hemisphere and in December in the southern
hemisphere.
____ 154. Daylight hours are shorter for the hemisphere that is tilted toward the Sun during the solstice.
____ 155. A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth's shadow falls on the Moon.
____ 156. Saturn's density is so low that the entire planet could float in water.
____ 157. Venus experiences an intense greenhouse effect.
____ 158. Io, the closest large moon to Saturn, is volcanically active.
____ 159. The surface of Mars has long channels that may have been caused by flowing water.
____ 160. A "shooting star," or meteor, is actually a meteoroid that burns up in Earth's atmosphere.
____ 161. The outer planets are small, rocky planets with iron cores.
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the
statement true.
____ 162. Displacement includes both distance and direction. _________________________
____ 163. The total distance traveled divided by the constant speed is the average speed.
_________________________
____ 164. The relationship s = d/t can be used to calculate speed, distance or time. _________________________
____ 165. Acceleration occurs when velocity changes. _________________________
____ 166. If you roll a ball up a hill, it undergoes positive acceleration. _________________________
____ 167. When you push on a sled and it begins to go downhill, you cause negative acceleration.
_________________________
____ 168. Energy in the form of motion is potential energy. _________________________
____ 169. A rock at the edge of a cliff has kinetic energy because of its position. _________________________
____ 170. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be created or destroyed.
_________________________
____ 171. Energy is measured in joules. _________________________
Yes/No
Indicate whether you agree with the statement.
____ 172. Might there be ice deposits near the Moon's south pole?
____ 173. Would the combination of ice deposits and an area that is always in sunlight make the Moon's south pole an
ideal location for a solar-powered Moon colony.