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Unit 3
H ow Cells H arvest Chem ical Energy
I) Introduction to Energy Transfer
A) Explain how redox reactions are used in cellular respiration &
photosynthesis.
B) Describe the general roles of dehydrogenases, NAD, NADP, and the electron
transport chain in cellular respiration.
II) Origins of Cellular Respiration
A) Describe the conditions under which respiration originated
B) Describe the evolutionary history of glycolysis.
C) Describe the cellular regions where glycolysis occurs in prokaryotes vs
eukaryotes
D) Steps of Glycolysis
1) Explain the major stages of glycolysis
2) Explain how substrate-level phosphorylation is used in glycolysis
3) Explain the role of NAD (2 per glucose) in glycolysis
E) Explain why fermentation is necessary under anaerobic conditions.
1) Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol and lactic
acid fermentation.
2) Distinguish between strict anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.
III) Photosynthesis
A) An Overview of Photosynthesis
1) Define autotrophs, producers, and photoautotrophs.
2) Explain the relationship between wavelengths, colors and energy levels of
light.
3) Explain why leaves appear green but red and blue light is most effective
for photosynthesis
B) The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
1) Describe the properties and functions of photosynthetic pigments.
2) Explain how photosystems capture solar energy.
3) Explain how the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis generate
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen in the light reactions in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
4) Explain the role of membranes in the light reactions.
5) Define photophosphorylation
C) The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO2 to Sugars
1) Describe the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle.
2) Explain why this cycle is dependent upon the light reactions.
3) Explain where this reaction occurs in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
D) Write and explain the overall reaction for photosynthesis.
E) Explain which products of photosynthesis had the greatest effect on life and
why.
IV) Stages of Aerobic Respiration
A) List the cellular regions where glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
B) Note whether substrate-level phosphorylation or chemiosmosis occur at each
of these sites.
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C) Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of the three stages of
cellular respiration.
V) Com parisons
A) Compare the processes and locations of the stages of cellular respiration and
photosynthesis.
B) Explain why it is accurate to say that life on Earth is solar-powered.
1) Explain how heterotrophs rely on energy from the sun.
C) Provide the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration and
photosynthesis.
D) Explain why photosynthesis and respiration occur in a series of small steps.
E) Compare & contrast photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
Key Term s
dehydrogenase
electron transport chain
oxidation
NAD/NADH
facultative anaerobe
oxidative phosphorylation
alcohol fermentation
glycolysis
redox reaction
ATP synthase
intermediates
Reduction/oxidation
cellular respiration
substrate-level phosphorylation
chemiosmosis
lactic acid fermentation
heterotroph
citric acid cycle
Obligate (strict) anaerobes
Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle
Light energy
producer
photoautotroph
photosynthesis
granum (plural, grana)
photosystem
Calvin-Benson cycle
light reactions
stroma
thylakoid
chlorophyll
photophosphorylation
photon
wavelength
electromagnetic spectrum
carbon fixation
global warming
greenhouse effect
Chapter 8
I) Connections Between Cell Division and Reproduction
A) Explain why cell division is essential for eukaryotic and prokaryotic life.
B) Compare the parent-offspring relationship in asexual and sexual
reproduction.
C) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual
reproduction.
II) Asexual Reproduction
A) Prokarotic Cells
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1) Explain how prokaryotic chromosomes replicate during binary fission.
2) Explain how daughter prokaryotic chromosomes are separated from each
other during binary fission
III)
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
A) Contrast the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.
B) Describe the four stages of the cell cycle.
1) Identify when DNA is replicated, chromosomes are sorted, and two new
cells are formed.
C) Compare cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
D) Describe the functions of mitosis
IV)
Sexual Reproduction
A) Explain why sexual reproduction can be considered to be “exchange of genetic
information”
B) Compare and contrast “sexual reproduction” in prokaryotic and eukaryotes
C) Explain why fertilization requires a reduction division
D) Explain how gametes differ from zygotes
E) Explain why chromosomes are paired.
F) Describe the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Explain how the result of meiosis differs from the result of mitosis.
G) Explain how random fertilization contributes to genetic variation in sexually
reproducing organisms
V) Sex Determ ination
A) Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes.
B) Describe mechanisms for sex determination
Key Term s
cell cycle
cell cycle control system
mitosis
G1, S, G2,
mitotic phase (M phase)
meiosis
binary fission
diploid cell
asexual reproduction
autosome
sex chromosome
sexual reproduction
gamete
fertilization
zygote
haploid cell
Homologous chromosomes
somatic cell
cell division
interphase
chromatin
cell plate
genetic recombination
chromosome
life cycle
genome
locus (plural, loci)
cell division
cleavage
cleavage furrow
cell plate
cytokinesis
growth factor
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