Download the muscular system

Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
LEVEL 3 DIPLOMA IN AROMATHERAPY
MODULE 11
KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & PATHOLOGY FOR
COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MODULE 4
COURSE MANUAL
CHRISTINA LYNE
christina@aromalyne.com
1
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF MUSCLES
Muscles are groups of specialised, elastic tissue. The whole muscle is surrounded
by fibrous connective tissue called the fascia. The fascia holds the muscle together.
There are three types of muscular tissue, each with a different structure and
function:
1. Skeletal muscle - sometimes called voluntary/striated muscle
2. Smooth muscle - sometimes called involuntary muscle
3. Cardiac muscle - muscle that forms most of the heart
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Skeletal muscle is muscle tissue which is primarily attached to bone by tendons.
They are the muscles which we consciously control e.g. arms, legs, back, chest,
diaphragm, abdomen.
Skeletal muscle is composed of many cylindrical cells which are known as muscle
fibres. Each muscle consists of many fibres surrounded by fibrous tissue. The
muscle fibres form bundles and lie parallel to each other. They all run in the same
direction and when looked at under a microscope they appear to be striated or
striped.
When the muscle tissue contracts the muscle shortens. This creates a pull on the
bone and causes movement. As the muscle tissue relaxes, the natural elasticity of
2
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
the muscle allows it to return to its original size and so the pull on the bone is
reduced.
Voluntary muscles must be large and strong and capable of very fast or slow,
sustained contraction. This type of muscle fatigues very easily.
Muscle Fibre (cell)
Muscle fibres are the basic functional units of muscle tissue which have the ability to
contract, producing movement or force. The muscle fibre is a long cylindrical shape
and contains many myofibrils.
Sarcolemma
This is a membrane that surrounds the individual muscle fibre (cell). The cell
membrane, or plasma membrane, is an important structure of all cells. It is built
of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, and serves to separate the interior of the cell
from the outside environment, and to selectively allow substances into and out of the
cell. The Sarcolemma is a specialized type of cell membrane that addresses the
unique needs of muscle cells
3
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Endomysium
This is a fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and separates each muscle fibre.
It contains blood capillaries so that each fibre has a good supply of blood bringing
oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and removes the waste products.
Perimysium
Bundles of muscles fibres (cells) of around 10-100 are called fascicles which are
covered by a fibrous connective tissue called the Perimysium.
Epimysium
The entire muscle is wrapped with a substantial quantity of fibrous connective tissue
called the Epimysium.
The Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium are all continuous and extend
beyond the muscle fibres and become tendons or aponeuroses.
Tendon
Tendons are cylindrical chords of connective tissue that attach muscles to the
periosteum of bones and to ligaments and cartilage. They differ in lengths &
thickness and are very strong and have no elasticity. There are very few nerves or
blood vessels.
Aponeuroses
Aponeuroses are flat, sheet-like tendons that attach muscles to the periosteum of
bones or to the skin.
Ligaments
Ligaments are white, fibrous, slightly elastic tissue which attach bone to bone.
Myofibril
Myofibrils are found in individual muscle fibres (cells). They are long thread-like
organelles which fill the sarcoplasm. Myofibrils are the contractile elements of
skeletal muscles and are made up of filaments called Myofilaments which are
arranged into compartments called Sarcomeres.
Myofilaments are composed of thin filaments containing the protein Actin and thick
filaments containing the protein Myosin. Elastic filaments contain the protein Titin
(connectin) which help to stabilise the position of the thick filaments.
Sarcomere
A Sarcomere is the basic functional unit of a striated muscle fibre. It contains the
filaments that move to overlap one another and cause a muscle to shorten
(contract). A Sarcomere has two different regions or bands that give the skeletal
muscle its striated appearance:

A-Band – This is the darker area which is composed mainly of thick filaments
and only a few thin filaments that have overlapped in this area. The centre of
the A-Band is a narrow H Zone which contains only thick filaments with an M
line which holds these thick filaments together.
4
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)

I-Band – This is the lighter area and only contains think filaments.

Z-line – This is a narrow region of dense material which separates each
Sarcomere.
5
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Functions of Muscle Tissue
How do muscles contract? - Sliding Filament Theory
During muscle contraction, the thick myosin myofilaments pull on the thin actin
myofilaments causing them to slide inward toward the H zone. The sarcomere
shortens, but the lengths of the thick and thin myofilaments do not change. The
thick myosin myofilaments connect with portions of actin of the thin myofilaments,
moving like oars of a boat on the surface of the thin myofilaments pulling them so
that they pass each other. As the thin myofilaments move passed the thick
myofilaments, the H zone narrows and even disappears when the thin myofilaments
meet at the centre of the sarcomere. As the thin myofilaments slide inward, the Z
lines are drawn towards each other and the sarcomere is shortened.
The sliding of myofilaments and the shortening of sarcomeres causes the shortening
of the muscle fibres. All these events are known as the Sliding Filament Theory of
muscle contraction.
Here is what happens in detail. The process of a muscle contracting can be divided
into 5 sections:
1. A nervous impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction, which causes a
release of a chemical called Acetylcholine. The presence of Acetylcholine
causes the depolarisation of the motor end plate which travels throughout the
muscle by the transverse tubules, causing Calcium (Ca+) to be released from
the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
2. In the presence of high concentrations of Ca+, the Ca+ binds to Troponin,
changing its shape and so moving Tropomyosin from the active site of the
Actin. The Myosin filaments can now attach to the Actin, forming a crossbridge.
3. The breakdown of ATP (Adenosine Tri-phospate – the main energy
transferring molecule in the body) releases energy which enables the Myosin
to pull the Actin filaments inwards and so shortening the muscle. This occurs
along the entire length of every myofibril in the muscle cell.
4. The Myosin detaches from the Actin and the cross-bridge is broken when an
ATP molecule binds to the Myosin head. When the ATP is then broken down
the Myosin head can again attach to an Actin binding site further along the
Actin filament and repeat the 'power stroke'. This repeated pulling of the Actin
over the myosin is often known as the ratchet mechanism.
5. This process of muscular contraction can last for as long as there is adequate
ATP and Ca+ stores. Once the impulse stops the Ca+ is pumped back to the
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and the Actin returns to its resting position causing
the muscle to lengthen and relax.
6
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
It is important to realise that a single power stroke results in only a shortening of
approximately 1% of the entire muscle. Therefore to achieve an overall shortening of
up to 35% the whole process must be repeated many times. It is thought that whilst
half of the cross-bridges are active in pulling the Actin over the Myosin, the other half
are looking for their next binding site.
In order to stop muscle contraction to allow the muscle to relax two processes need
to take place:
1. Acetylcholine is broken down by an enzyme which calcium is no longer
released and therefore stops any potential muscle action.
2. Calcium levels drop and therefore there is no longer enough available to bind
with the troponin. The tropomysin-troponin complex moves back over the
myosin binding sites on the actin and prevents the myosin heads binding with
the actin. The thin filaments slip back into their relaxed position and there is
no further contraction.
Muscle Tone
Even when a muscle is relaxed a few muscle fibres remain contracted to give the
muscle a certain degree of firmness. At any given time a small number of motor
units in a muscle are stimulated to contract and cause tension in the muscle rather
than a full contraction and movement, while the others remain relaxed.
The motor units functioning in this way change periodically so that muscle tone is
maintained without fatigue. This state of partial contraction of a muscle is known as
muscle tone and is important for maintaining body posture.
If muscle appear firm and rounded then they have good muscle tone but if they are
loose and flattened then they have poor muscle tone.
Muscle Fatigue
Muscle fatigue occurs when the muscles cannot exert normal force, or when more
effort than normal is required to achieve a desired level of force. There are a number
of causes for muscle fatigue, ranging from exercise-induced fatigue to genetic
conditions which lead to muscle weakness.
In the case of exercise-induced fatigue, muscle fatigue is believed to occur when the
body temporarily exhausts its supply of energy. Some studies have also implicated
disruptions in the flow of calcium through the muscles. Exercise-induced fatigue will
resolve after rest, and people can train their bodies to get more endurance so that
they will not fatigue as quickly.
When physical exertion is not the obvious cause of muscle fatigue, or when minimal
exertion results in severe fatigue, it can become a cause for concern. Weakening
muscles are an issue not only because they contribute to a decline in quality of life,
but because muscle weakness can eventually lead to heart problems and breathing
problems, and some chronic conditions.
7
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Where do muscles get their energy from?
A muscle knows when to contract when the brain sends electrical impulses. The
nerves branch many times so that each muscle fibre has its own nerve endings.
These messages are carried along nerve fibres directly to the muscle telling it to
contract. Each of the fibres receives the message. Contraction takes place.
For contraction to take place, there must be an adequate supply of blood. This will
provide essential nutrients and oxygen, at the same time removing waste products
from energy production. Muscles receive their food and oxygen from the arterial
capillaries. The energy which muscles require comes from the breakdown of
carbohydrate and fat. Glucose is the body’s principle carbohydrate and this is
converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles. Muscle glycogen
therefore provides the fuel for muscle contraction.
The food and oxygen is used up by the muscle and converted into urea and lactic
acid which is then passed into the venous blood stream and excreted via the lungs,
kidneys and urine and also through the skin.
Muscles work by combining glucose with oxygen to release energy (aerobic
respiration). The muscle burns the glucose and fats by combining them with oxygen
from the blood. Muscles that are repeatedly contracting and relaxing need a lot of
fuel and oxygen to produce that energy.
If a muscle continues to contract without taking a break, the muscle will run out of
oxygen and lactic acid builds up. This acid causes a burning sensation in the
muscle. As it builds up, the affected muscle will feel stiff and sore. The muscle will
not work properly until it can remove the lactic acid. If the muscle is allowed to rest
for a while and oxygen becomes available again, the acid disperses and the supply
of glucose and oxygen is restored within the muscle.
Lactic acid diffuses from muscles into the blood stream. On reaching the liver, some
lactic acid is converted back to glucose, and the rest is oxidised to carbon dioxide
and water.
Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres
Skeletal muscle is made up of many myofibrils, which are strands of proteins (actin
and myosin) that can grab on to each other and pull. This shortens the muscle and
causes muscle contraction.
Muscle fibre types can be broken down into two main types; Slow Twitch (Type I)
muscle fibres and Fast Twitch (Type 2) muscle fibres. Fast twitch fibres can be
further categorized into Type 2a and Type 2b fibres.
These distinctions seem to influence how muscles respond to training and physical
activity, and each fibre type is unique in its ability to contract in a certain way.
Human muscles contain a genetically determined mixture of both slow and fast fibre
types. On average, we have about 50% slow twitch and 50% fast twitch fibres in
most of the muscles used for movement.
8
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Slow Twitch (Type I)
The slow muscles are more efficient at using oxygen to generate more fuel (known
as ATP) for continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time. They fire
more slowly than fast twitch fibres and can go for a long time before they fatigue.
Therefore, slow twitch fibres are great at helping athletes run marathons and bicycle
for hours.
Fast Twitch (Type 2)
Fast twitch fibres use anaerobic metabolism to create fuel and so are much better at
generating short bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles. However, they
fatigue more quickly. Fast twitch fibres generally produce the same amount of force
per contraction as slow muscles, but they get their name because they are able to
fire more rapidly. Having more fast twitch fibres can be an asset to a sprinter since
they need to quickly generate a lot of force.
Type 2a Fibres
These fast twitch muscle fibres are also known as intermediate fast-twitch fibres.
They can use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism almost equally to create
energy. In this way, they are a combination of Type I and Type II muscle fibres.
Type 2b Fibres
These fast twitch fibres use anaerobic metabolism to create energy and are the
"classic" fast twitch muscle fibres that excel at producing quick, powerful bursts of
speed. This muscle fibre has the highest rate of contraction (rapid firing) of all the
muscle fibre types, but it also has a much faster rate of fatigue and can't last as long
before it needs rest.
The Function of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle has three main functions:
1. Movement

It is the action of several muscles pulling on bones at joints that allows the
skeletal structure to move.

The chest can expand and contract in order to facilitate breathing.

Body fluids such as blood, lymph and urine are propelled throughout the body
with the help of muscles.

Food is moved through the digestive system by muscle contraction
(peristalsis).

Various orifices in the body are able to open and close.
9
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
2. Maintenance of Posture

Skeletal muscles enable the body to maintain its shape. Without body
posture we would have great difficulty in maintaining normal body positions
such as standing or sitting.
3. Heat Production

When we walk briskly or take exercise, the movement that the muscles create
in the body generates heat. This helps us to maintain our normal body
temperature.
SMOOTH MUSCLE (Involuntary/Visceral Muscle)
Smooth muscle tissue is usually activated involuntarily. There is no conscious,
voluntary control over this type of muscle. Smooth muscle contracts autorhythmically and is controlled by neurotransmitters and hormones.
Involuntary muscles have spindle-shaped cells and only one nucleus. These fibres
are small, thickest in the middle, and taper at each end. Bundles of fibres form
sheets of muscle. Under a microscope they have no stripes which is why they are
also known as smooth muscles. They are arranged in sheets or layers that
alternatively contract and relax to change the size of shape of a structure.
Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels,
the gastrointestinal tract and the bladder.
The function of smooth muscle is to move substances through tracts and to regulate
organ volume.
Contraction is slower to start and lasts longer than in skeletal muscles, which is why
it never tires.
10
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Type 1
These are the muscles that are found in the walls of hollow structures such as blood
and lymphatic vessels, internal organs, stomach, intestines, uterus, bronchi, bladder.
Type 2
The second type of smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of large arteries, in
airways to the lungs, in arrector pili muscles, and in the muscles of the iris that adjust
pupil diameter.
CARDIAC MUSCLE (Involuntary)
Cardiac muscle is a specialised type of involuntary muscle tissue found only in the
walls of the heart. It forms the bulk of the wall of each heart chamber. The function
of cardiac muscle is to contracts rhythmically and continuously to provide the
pumping action necessary to maintain a relatively consistent flow of blood
throughout the body and regulates blood pressure.
Cardiac muscle resembles voluntary muscle tissue in that it is striated due to the
actin and myosin filaments. However, it is different in two ways:
1. Its structure is branched.
2. It has intercalated discs in between each cardiac muscle cell which form
strong junctions to assist in the rapid transmission of impulses throughout an
entire section of the heart, rather than in bundles.
11
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
THE SPHINCTER MUSCLES
A sphincter is a structure, or a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction
of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal
physiological functioning. It is often a band like structure that can be found in
different parts of the body including the eyes, mouth, stomach, intestine, and the
bladder. A sphincter muscle may contract or relax to regulate the flow or passage of
body’s secretions and matter taken in as food.
Sphincter muscles are involved in many bodily functions. For instance, the
sphincter muscle around the pupil of the eye can shrink the pupil in response to
bright light. The sphincter of Oddi is considered to have a significant role in
controlling the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum, which is a part of
the small intestine. Sphincters that open and close the urethra can help with bladder
control. Small sphincters occurring around the blood vessels may moderate blood
pressure.
Cardiac Sphincter Muscle
Is a sphincter between the oesophagus and the stomach, opening at the approach
of food that can then be swept into the stomach by rhythmic peristaltic waves.
Pyloric Sphincter Muscle
The Pyloric sphincter muscle is located at the base of the stomach and is the
contracting ring of muscle which guards the entrance to the small intestine. It also
controls the amount of food entering the stomach.
It keeps the stomach shut at the far end so that it has a chance to digest proteins,
then it opens and allows the contents of the stomach, now called chyme, to pass
through the pyloric sphincter and enter the small intestine; the first section is called
the duodenum and it does the majority of digestion and some absorption.
Hepato-pancreatic Sphincter Muscle
Also known as the Sphincter of Oddi, it is located in the second part of the
duodenum. It is a muscular valve which controls the flow of digestive juices (bile
and pancreatic juice) into the duodenum and prevents the entry of the duodenal
contents back into the Ampulla of Vater.
Urethral Sphincter Muscle
The urethral sphincter is a collective name for the muscles used to control the flow
of urine (micturition) from the urinary bladder. These muscles envelop the urethra,
so that when they contract, the urethra is sealed shut. The muscles originate at
the pubic ramus with the insertion point at the median raphe. The function of the
sphincter urethrae (external sphincter) is controlled by the pudendal nerve which
acts to constrict the urethra. There are actually two urethral sphincters in the human
body:
12
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)

The internal sphincter muscle of urethra: located at the bladder's inferior end
and the urethra's proximal end at the junction of the urethra with the urinary
bladder. The internal sphincter is a continuation of the detrusor muscle and is
made of smooth muscle; therefore it is under involuntary or autonomiccontrol.
This is the primary muscle for prohibiting the release of urine.

The external sphincter muscle of urethra (sphincter urethrae): located at the
bladder's distal inferior end in females and inferior to the prostate (at the level
of the membranous urethra) in males is a secondary sphincter to control the
flow of urine through the urethra. Unlike the internal sphincter muscle, the
external sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and therefore it is under
voluntary control of the somatic nervous system.
Anal Sphincter Muscles
The anal canal is about 3 – 4cm long in women and sometimes slightly longer in
men. The internal and external sphincters form 2 concentric rings which run along
the length of the anal canal.
The internal anal sphincter is made of smooth muscle and we do not have voluntary
control of this muscle. It works automatically to keep the anus closed until we are
ready to have a bowel movement.
The external anal sphincter is made of striated muscle (the same as the pelvic floor
muscles); we do have voluntary control over this – allowing us to hold on if we are
aware of wind or diarrhoea.
13
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLE MOVEMENT
Muscles attachments are known by the terms origin and insertion. Generally, the
end of the muscle closest to the centre of the body is referred to as the origin, and
the furthest away is the insertion point.
Origins are shorter, broader and attach over a larger surface area. Insertions tend to
be longer and the fibres are more densely concentrated and therefore attach to a
smaller bone area. The insertion is more movable and therefore, the point at which
the muscle work is done.
The muscle attachment at the fixed bone is the ORIGIN and the attachment at the
moving bone is the INSERTION.
For example - the biceps are the muscles that flex the arm. The biceps are attached
by tendons to the scapula (shoulder blade) and the radius. During the contraction of
the biceps, the scapula remains unmoved. The scapula is the origin. The radius is
the bone moved by the biceps. The radius is therefore the insertion.
Muscular actions that do not require muscles to work in pairs are sphincters.
Sphincters control the size of an opening (see section above).
To co-ordinate movement, muscles work in pairs or groups. Muscles are classified
by function:

Prime Mover – Agonists

Stabilisers – Antagonists, Synergists and Fixators
Any movement is the result of co-operation between a large number of muscles
which is co-ordinated in the cerebellum in the brain which allows a smooth and
efficient action.
Antagonist
This is when two muscles or sets of muscles pull in opposite directions to each
other. These muscles are actually working to complement each other not work
against each other. Whilst one relaxes the other contracts and vice versa.
Agonist
This is the main activating muscle depending on the role of the muscle in a specific
action.
Roles are interchangeable, for example, the biceps and triceps in the upper arm.
During flexion of the elbow joint the biceps are the agonist and the triceps are the
antagonist. When the elbow is straightened the roles of the two muscles groups are
reversed.
14
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Synergist
This is where the muscles on the same side of a joint work together to perform the
same movement, for example, during flexion of the elbow, the biceps work
synergistically with the brachialis muscle which lies underneath the bicep.
Fixator
Fixators are muscles which stabilise the bone to give a steady base for the agonist
to work from. The biceps and triceps work to extend and flex the elbow joint, but it is
the muscles are the shoulder and upper back which control the position of the arm,
these are the Fixators.
Types of Contraction during Movement
In an isotonic contraction, tension remains unchanged and the muscle's length
changes. Lifting an object at a constant speed is an example of isotonic
contractions. A near isotonic contraction is known as Auxotonic contraction.
There are two types of isotonic contractions: (1) concentric and (2) eccentric.
In a concentric contraction, the muscle tension rises to meet the resistance and then
remains the same as the muscle shortens.
In eccentric, the muscle lengthens due to the resistance being greater than the force
the muscle is producing.
A third type of muscle contraction is isometric contraction, which is one in which the
muscle is activated, but instead of being allowed to lengthen or shorten, it is held at
a constant length. An example of an isometric contraction would be carrying an
object in front of you. The weight of the object would be pulling downward, but your
hands and arms would be opposing the motion with equal force going upwards.
Since your arms are not moving up or down, your biceps will be isometrically
contracting.
Muscular Hypertrophy
Muscular Hypertrophy is the term given for the growth and increase in size of the
muscle cell. There are two different types of muscular hypertrophy; sarcoplasmic
and myofibrillar. During sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, the volume of sarcoplasmic fluid
in the muscle cell increases with no accompanying increase in muscular strength.
During myofibrillar hypertrophy, actin and myosin contractile proteins increase in
number and add to muscular strength as well as a small increase in the size of the
muscle.
15
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLE ACTION
Movement
Definition
Flexion
Bending of a joint in which the angle
between the articulating bones decreases
(the opposite of extension)
Extension
Straightening movement in which a body
part is restored to its anatomical position
after being flexed
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the
body
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the
body
Rotation
Movement of a bone in a single plane
around its longitudinal axis
Pronation
Movement involving turning the palm
posteriorly or inferiorly
Supination
Movement involving turning the palm
anteriorly or superiorly
Dorsiflexion
Pulling of the foot upwards towards the
shin, in the direction of the dorsum
Plantar flexion
Pointing of the foot downwards, in the
direction of the plantar surface
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inwards
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outwards
Circumduction
Circular movement of the distal end of a
body part, eg. circling the shoulder joint
Elevation
Lifting the shoulders or jaw upwards
Depression
Dropping
the
downwards
Protraction
Drawing the shoulders or jaw forwards
Retraction
Drawing the shoulders or jaw backwards
16
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
shoulders
or
jaw
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, FACE AND NECK
17
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, NECK AND FACE
Muscle
Position
Nerve Supply
Frontalis
Located vertically along forehead.
Temporal branch Pulls scalp forwards when raising eyebrows or
of facial nerve
wrinkling the forehead.
Buccinator
Main muscles of the cheek attached Facial Nerve
to both upper and lower jaws.
Moves cheeks when sucking or blowing, holds
the food in contact with the teeth when chewing
and compressing the cheek.
Risorius
Triangular shaped muscle that lies Facial Nerve
horizontally on the cheek, joining at
the corners of the mouth.
Draws the mouth sideways and upwards.
Masseter
Thick, flattened
muscle.
This is the main muscle for mastication. It raises
the jaw and exerts pressure on the teeth when
chewing. It moves the mandible when chewing.
Orbicularis oculi
Circular muscle that surrounds the Facial Nerve
eye.
Zygomaticus
major
Lies in the cheek area, extending from Zygomatic
and Draws the angle of the mouth upward and
the zygomatic bone to the angle of the Buccal branches laterally. Draws the lips upwards and outwards
mouth.
of
the
Facial as in smiling.
Nerve
Mentalis
This muscle radiates from the lower Facial Nerve
lip over the centre of the chin.
and
superficial Masseteric Nerve
18
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Action
Closes the eye.
Elevates and protrudes the lower lip and wrinkles
the skin of the chin.
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Position
Orbicularis oris
Circular muscle that surrounds the Zygomatic
and Moves the lips during speech and closes the
mouth.
Buccal branches mouth.
of
the
Facial
Nerve
Temporalis
Temporal Bone
Sternocleido
mastoid
Long muscle that lies obliquely across Accessory Nerve
each side of the neck.
When working together they flex the neck (pull
the chin down towards the chest) and when
working individually they rotate the head to the
opposite side.
Platysma
Superficial neck muscle that extends Facial Nerve
from the chest up either side of the
neck to the chin.
Depresses the mandible (lower jaw) and moves
lower lip as in pouting and draws the skin of the
chest upwards.
Levator
oris
Levator
superioris
Action
Anterior
and Moves mandible (lower jaw) when chewing.
Posterior
deep
Temporal Nerves
anguli Extends from the maxilla (upper jaw) Facial Nerve
to the angle of the mouth.
labii Located towards the inner cheek, Facial Nerve
beside the nose, and extends from
the upper jaw to the skin of the
corners of the mouth and upper lip.
Draws the mouth upwards – smiling.
Elevates the upper lip and corners of the mouth –
snarling or kissing.
th
Depressor anguli Extends from the mandible (lower jaw) 7 Cranial Nerve Pulls mouth downwards (depression) as in
to the angle of the mouth.
of
the
Facial sadness.
oris
Nerve
19
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Depressor
inferioris
Position
Action
labii Extends from the mandible (lower jaw) Facial Nerve
to the midline of the lower lip.
Pulls lower lip downwards (depression) as in
sadness.
Dilates and compresses the nostrils – flaring
when breathing strongly.
Nasalis
Sides of the nose.
Facial Nerve
Procerus
Located in between the eyebrows.
Buccal branches Draws the eyebrows inwards and wrinkles the
of
the
Facial nose.
Nerve
Corrugator
supercilii
Located in between the eyebrows.
Zygomatic
and Brings the eyebrows together – frowning.
Buccal branches
of
the
Facial
Nerve
Occipitalis
Covers parts of the skull. It consists Greater Occipital Pulls scalp backwards when raising eyebrows or
of two parts; Occipital belly near the Nerve
wrinkling the forehead.
Occipital bone and the Frontal Belly
near the Frontal bone.
Pterygoids
medialis
Extends from sphenoid bone to the Medial pterygoid Elevation of the mandible. Closes the jaw and
internal surface of the mandible (lower branch of the moves the mandible when chewing.
jaw).
Trigeminal Nerve
Pterygoids
lateralis
Extends from the sphenoid bone to Lateral pterygoid Opens jaw and moves mandible when chewing.
the mandible (lower jaw) and branch of the
temporomandibular joint.
Trigeminal Nerve
Splenius capitis
Broad straplike muscle in the back of
the neck.
Second posterior Extension and lateral flexion of the head and
branch of the neck.
Cervical Nerve
20
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE BACK AND SHOULDERS
Quadratus lumborum, Iliacus and Psoas
Piriformis
21
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE BACK AND SHOULDERS
Muscle
Position
Nerve Supply
Quadratas
lumborum
Lower back connecting the pelvis Lumbar nerves L1-L4 The action on one side of the trunk is to flex the
Subcostal nerve T12 trunk laterally and the action of both sides
to the spine.
together will extend the trunk.
Erector spinae
thoracic
Made
up
of
iliocostalis, Cervical,
and
lumbar
spinal
longissimus and spinalis muscles.
nerves.
Extends
throughout
lumbar,
thoracic and cervical regions, and
lies in the groove to the side of
the vertebral column.
Psoas
plexus The action is to flex and externally rotate the hip
The paired psoas muscles Lumbar
originate from the lumbar region L1,2,3,4 & L5
joint, stabilises the base of the spine and allows
either side of the spine, wrap
the spine to flex.
around the pelvic area and attach
to the knobbly part of the hip.
Latissimus dorsi
Large, flat dorso-lateral muscle Cervical nerves 6, 7 Extends, medially rotates and adducts the arm.
on the trunk, posterior to the arm & 8
When the arms are fixed above the head it will
and partly covered by the
raise the trunk.
trapezius.
Iliacus
Flat, triangular muscle which fills Femoral Nerve
the iliac fossa on the interior side L2,3 & L4
of the hip bone.
Gluteus maximus
Largest and most superficial of Inferior gluteal nerve Extends the hip joint, rotates femur laterally,
the three gluteal muscles.
It S1, L4, L5 & S2
raises the trunk from forward flexion and from
makes up a large portion of the
sitting.
shape and appearance of the
buttocks.
22
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Action
Action of one side flexes the trunk laterally.
Action of both sides together extends the trunk.
It is one of the main postural muscle groups
which hold the body upright.
Flexes (lifts) the leg forward, bends the trunk
forward and can lift the trunk for a lying posture.
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Position
Nerve Supply
Gluteus medius
gluteal Abducts and medially rotates the hip joint.
Broad, thick radiating muscle Superior
nerve
L4,
L5
&
S1
situated on the outer surface of
the pelvis.
Gluteus minimus
gluteal Abducts and medially rotates the hip joint.
Smallest of the three gluteal Superior
nerve
L4,
L5
&
S1
muscles
and
is
situated
immediately beneath the gluteus
medius.
Piriformis
Flat muscle, pyramidal in shape, Spinal nerve roots L5 Externally rotate and abduct the thigh.
situated partly within the pelvis & S1 & S2
against the posterior wall and lies
almost parallel with the posterior
margin of the gluteus medius.
Supraspinatus
Located in the depression above Suprascapular nerve It abducts the humerus and assists the deltoid.
C4, 5, & 6
the spine of the scapula.
Infraspinatus
This muscle attaches to the Suprascapular nerve Laterally rotates the shoulder joint (outwards).
middle two-thirds of the scapula C5 & 6
below the spine of the scapula at
one end and the top of the
humerus at the other.
Teres Minor
Narrow, elongated muscle from Axillary nerve C4, 5 Laterally rotates the shoulder joint (outwards).
the lateral border of the scapula & 6
to the humerus.
Teres Major
Thick, flattened muscle, arises Lower subscapular Extends, adducts and medially rotates the
from the dorsal surface of the nerve C5 & 6
humerus (inwardly).
inferior angle of the scapula,
between the teres minor and
infraspinatus muscles.
23
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Action
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Position
Nerve Supply
Action
Trapezius
Large triangular shaped muscle in
the upper back that extends
horizontally from the base of the
skull (occipital bone) and the
cervical and thoracic vertebrae to
the scupula.
Spinal part of the
Accessory Nerve of
the cervical nerves
(C1-C5)
and
branches from the
cervical plexus (C3 &
C4)
It has three sets of fibres; upper, middle and
lower.
Upper fibres raise the shoulders and extend the
neck and the action of one side laterally flexes
the neck.
Middle fibres pull the scapula towards the
vertebral column.
Lower fibres draw the scapula and shoulders
downwards.
Deltoid
This muscle is a thick, triangular Axillary nerve C5 & The deltoid has three sets of muscle fibres;
muscle that caps the top of the C6
anterior, middle and posterior fibres.
humerus and the shoulder.
Anterior fibres flex the shoulder joint.
Middle fibres abduct the shoulder joint.
Posterior fibres extend the shoulder joint.
Rhomboid
The fibres of these muscles lie Dorsal Scapular C4 Retract the scapula and fixes it to the thoracic
& C5
between the scapulae.
wall.
Subscapularis
This muscle attaches the inside Upper and lower Medially rotates the shoulder joint and draws the
surface of the scapula to the subscapular nerves
humerus forwards and down when the arm is
anterior of the top of the
raised.
humerus.
Levator scapulae
This is a straplike muscle that Dorsal Scapular C3, Elevates the shoulder and rotates the scapula.
runs almost vertically through the C4 and C5
neck connecting the cervical
vertebrae to the scapula.
24
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL AND CHEST
25
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL AND CHEST
Muscle
Position
Pectoralis major
Together with the Pectoralis Medial
Pectoral Adducts and medially rotates the arm.
minor it forms the frontwall of the Nerve and Lateral
armpit.
This is a thick, fan Pectoral Nerve
Aids in flexion and respiration.
shaped muscle covering the
anterior surface of the chest.
Pectoralis minor
Together with the Pectoralis Anterior
major it forms the frontwall of the Nerve
armpit. It is a thin muscle which
lies beneath the Pectoralis Major.
Thoracic Tilts scapula forward, depresses and abducts
scapula, draws shoulders downwards.
Aids in respiration.
Serratus anterior
Broad, curved muscle located on Long
the side of the chest/ribcage Nerve
below the axilla.
Thoracic Protracts the scapula (pulls it around the chest)
and aids rotation of the scapula during abduction
of the arm.
Diaphragm
Forms the floor of the thoracic
cavity.
Phrenic Nerve
External/Internal
obliques
Broad, thin sheet of muscle
whose fibres slant downwards
from the lower ribs to the pelvic
girdle. The internal obliques are
located beneath the external
obliques.
Long, straplike muscle that
attaches to the pubic bones at
one end and the ribs and sternum
at the other.
Spinal Nerve of the Bilaterally- flexes thorax and compresses
Thoracic Region
abdominal contents.
Rectus abdominus
Nerve Supply
Draws central tendon down during inspiration,
increases volume of thoracic cavity (increases
diameters). It produces approximately 60% of
your breathing capacity.
Unilaterally- laterally flexes spine/trunk and
rotates spine to opposite side.
Thoracic
Abdominal Nerve
26
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Action
Stabilises the pelvis during walking.
Compresses the abdomen during urination and
defecation.
Action of one side on its own will flex the trunk.
Action of both sides together is forward flexion of
the trunk.
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Position
Nerve Supply
Transversus
abdominus
Found attached to the inner
surfaces of the last six ribs and
iliac crest at one end and extends
down to the pubis.
Lower Intercostal Compresses abdomen
Nerves
and coughing.
Iliohypogastric and Maintains posture.
the
Ilioinguinal
Nerves
Intercostales
externi
Superficial muscles that occupy Intercostal Nerve
and attach to the space between
the ribs (positioned on the
outside),
External Intercostals: draw the ventral part of the
ribs upward, increasing thoracic cavity space
Intercostales interni Lie deep to the external Intercostal Nerve
intercostals and occupy and
attach the space between the
ribs.
Internal Intercostals: draw the ventral part of the
ribs downward, decreasing the space of the
thoracic cavity
27
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Action
when
sneezing
or
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE ARM, FOREARM AND HAND
Muscles of the Anterior Upper Limb
Superficial Muscles
Deep Muscles
Muscles of the Posterior Upper Limb
Superficial Muscles
Deep Muscles
28
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE ARM, FOREARM AND HAND
Muscle
Position
Nerve Supply
Action
Biceps brachii
Front of the upper arm
Musculocutaneous
Nerve
Flexes the forearm at the elbow joint, supinates
the forearm and flexion of the shoulder.
Triceps
Back of the upper arm
Radial Nerve
Extends elbow joint and straightens the forearm.
Brachilias
Lies beneath the biceps
Radial Nerve
Flexes the forearm at the elbow joint.
Coracobrachialis
Extends from the scapula to the Musculocutaneous
middle of the humerus along its Nervice
medial surface
Flexes and adducts the humerus.
Flexors of the Forearm
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extends along the ulnar side of
the anterior of the forearm
Median Nerve
Flexes and adducts the wrist
Flexor digitorum
Extends from the medial end of Median Nerve
the humerus to the anterior
surfaces of the second to fifth
fingers.
Flexes middle phalanges of each finger
Flexor carpi radialis
Extends along the radial side of
the anterior of the forearm
Median Nerve
Flexes and abducts the wrist.
Radial Nerve
Extends and adducts the wrist.
Extensors of the Forearm
Extensor
ulnaris
carpi Extends along the ulnar sied of
the posterior of the forearm
29
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Position
Nerve Supply
Action
Extensor digitorum
Extends along the lateral side of
the posterior of the forearm
Radial Nerve
Extends the fingers.
carpi Extends along the radial side of
the posterior of the forearm
Radial Nerve
Extension of the wrist.
Extensor
radialis
Brachioradialis
Connects the humerus to the Radial Nerve
radius
Flexes the forearm at the elbow.
Pronator teres
Crosses the anterior aspect of the Median Nerve
elbow
Pronates forearm and hand and flexes the
forearm.
Supinator
Attaches to the lateral aspect of
the lower humerus and the radius
Supinates forearm and hand.
Radial Nerve
Extensor
pollicis Lies on the dorsal side of the Deep radial nerve
forearm
C6 & C7
brevis
This is an eminence of soft tissue Median Nerve
Thenar Eminence
located on the radial side of the
palm of the hand. It contains
three muscles:
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Hypothenar
Eminence
Abducts the thumb.
Flexes the thumb.
Opposition of the thumb – allows the tip of the
thumb to touch the tip of the fingers.
This is an eminence of soft tissue Superficial branch All three muscles move the little fingers.
located on the ulnar side of the of the Ulnar Nerve
palm of the hand. It contains
three muscles:
Abductor digiti minimi manus
Flexor digiti minimi manus
Opponens digiti minimi
30
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Extends and abducts the thumb.
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH, LEG AND FOOT
Posterior Muscles of the Lower Limb
Superficial Muscles
Deep Muscles
Superficial Muscles
Deep Muscles
31
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH, LEG AND FOOT
Muscle
Quadriceps
Position
Nerve Supply
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Hamstrings
Front (anterior) aspect of the Femoral Nerve
thigh
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
and
the Great
Semimembranosus are situated Nerve
on the inside of the thigh and the
Biceps femoris is on the outside
of the thigh
Action
As a group they extend the knee and the Rectus
Femoris also helps to flex the hip joint.
Sciatic Flex the knee joint and extend the hip.
Adductors
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Situated on the medial aspect of
the thigh
Obturator
Nerve As a group they adduct and laterally rotate the
(magnus has an thigh. They also flex the hip.
additional supply
from the Great
Sciatic Nerve
Sartorius
Attached to the ileum of the Femoral Nerve
pelvis, crosses the anterior of the
thigh to the medial aspect of the
tibia
Flexes the hip and knee and rotates the thigh
laterally (turns it outwards).
Gracilis
Long, straplike muscle attached Obturator Nerve
to the lower edge of the pubic
bone and upper part of the medial
aspect of the tibia
Adducts the thigh, flexes the knee and hip and
medially (inwardly) rotates the thigh and tibia.
32
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Position
Nerve Supply
Tensor Fascia latae
Extends laterally down the side of
the thigh
Superior
Nerve
Gastrocnemius
Large, superficial calf muscle with Tibial Nerve
two bellies (central portion of the
muscle) on the posterior of the
lower leg
Plantar flexes the foot and assists in flexion of
the knee.
Soleus
Situated
deep
in
gastrocnemius in the calf
Plantar flexes the foot.
Tibialis anterior
This muscle is the anterior aspect
of the lower leg
Tibialis posterior
This muscle is the posterior Tibial Nerve
aspect of the lower leg, deeply
situated in the calf
Assists in Plantar flexion and inverts the foot.
Peroneus longus
Situated in the lateral aspect of
the lower leg
Tibial Nerve
Plantar flexes and everts the foot.
Peroneal Nerve
Extension of the big toe and dorsiflexes and
inverts the foot.
Gluteal Flexes, abducts and medially rotates the thigh.
the Tibial Nerve
Deep
Nerve
Peroneal Dorsiflexes the foot and inverts and supports the
medial arch of the foot.
Extensor
longus
Halllucis Extends from the middle third of
the anterior of the fibula to the
dorsal surface of the big toe
Flexor
longus
Hallucis Extends from the distal two-thirds Tibial Nerve
of the posterior fibular to the
plantar surface of the big toe
Extensor digitorum Extends from proximal two-thirds Peroneal Nerve
of the anterior of the fibula to the
longus
dorsal surface of the second to
fifth toes
33
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Action
Flexion of the big toe and plantar flexes and
inverts the foot.
Extension of the second to fifth toes and
dorsiflexes and everts the foot.
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Flexor
longus
Position
Nerve Supply
digitorum Extends from the middle third of Tibial Nerve
the posterior of the tibia to the
plantar surface of the second to
fifth toes
34
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Action
Flexion of the toes and plantar flexes and inverts
the foot.
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
ORIGIN AND INSERTION POINTS FOR SOME MAJOR MUSCLES
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Erector spinae
Sacrum, iliac crest, vertebrae and Ribs, vertebrae and
ribs
occipital bone
Latissimus dorsi
Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, Humerus
lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, ilium
and lower 4 ribs
Gluteus maximus
Ilium, sacrum and coccyx
Femur
Gluteus medius
Ilium
Femur
Gluteus minimus
Ilium
Femur
Piriformis
Sacrum
Femur
Trapezius
Occipital bone, cervical 7 and all Clavicle,
acromion
thoracic vertebrae
process and scapula
Deltoid
Clavicle, acromion and scapula
Humerus
Rhomboids
Major
Minor
Thoracic vertebrae 2-5
Cervical 7 and thoracic 1
Scapula
Scapula
Diaphragm
Xiphoid process, inferior 6 ribs, All fibres converge
lumbar vertebrae
into a central tendon
Biceps brachii
Scapula
Radius
Triceps
Humerus & Scapula
Ulna
35
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Quadriceps femoris:
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Ilium
Femur
Femur
Femur
Patella and Tibia
Patella and Tibia
Patella and Tibia
Patella and Tibia
Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Ischium and femur
Ischium
Ischium
Fibula and tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Gastrocnemius
Just above patella and start of
femur
Calcaneus by way of
Achilles tendon
36
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
37
Christina Lyne Ltd©2014