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B4 Learning Outcome Questions
Question
Name 4 collection methods:
What is the formula used to estimate the
population size of an organism:
What assumptions need to be made when
using capture-recapture data?
What could affect the distribution of
organisms in a habitat?
What is an ecosystem?
What is a habitat?
What is a community?
What is a population?
Why can an eco-system be described as
self-supporting?
How can you map the distribution of
organisms?
What does a kite diagram show?
What is zonation?
What causes zonation?
What is biodiversity?
Give an example of a natural eco-system
Give an example of an artificial eco-system.
Which has the higher biodiversity; native
woodland or forestry plantations?
Why?
Which has the lower biodiversity; lake or fish
farm?
Why?
What is the word equation for
photosynthesis?
What is the BALANCED symbol equation for
photosynthesis?
What is the waste product in
photosynthesis?
What did Greek scientists think happened
when plants grew?
What did Van Helmont’s experiments show?
What did Priestley’s experiments show?
What happens in the first stage of
photosynthesis?
What happens in the second stage of
Answer
pooters
nets
pitfall traps
quadrats.
Population size = number in 1st sample x number in 2nd sample
Number in 2nd sample previously marked
 No death, immigration or emigration
 Identical sampling methods
 Marking not affecting survival rate
 Presence of other organisms.
 Food
 Shelter
 Water
All the living things in an area and how they interact with each
other.
A place where an organism lives
The living things in an eco-system.
The number of individuals in a species.
Sun’s energy is used by plants in photosynthesis.
Animals in a food chain are dependent on plants for food.
Carbon and Nitrogen are recycled.
Plants and animals dependant on each other for oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
Transect line
The distribution of organisms along a line transect.
A gradual change in the distribution of species across a
habitat.
A gradual change in an abiotic (not living) factor such as
water availability, exposure and pH.
The variety of different species living in a habitat.
Lakes, native woodland, ocean, river
Fish farm, greenhouse, garden, forestry plantation.
Native woodland.
Because a forestry plantation only has a small number of
species of trees planted, which limits food supplies
resulting in a small number of animal species.
Fish farm
Only farm one type of fish, discouraging other living
organisms.
(light energy)
Carbon dioxide + water  glucose and oxygen
(chlorophyll)
(light energy)
6CO2 + 6H2O - C6H12O6 + 6O2
(chlorophyll)
Oxygen
Gained mass only by taking minerals from the soil.
Plant growth cannot just be from the soil
Oxygen is produced by plants
Light energy splits water releasing oxygen gas and H+
ions
Carbon dioxide combines with the H+ ions to for glucose.
B4 Learning Outcome Questions
photosynthesis?
Experiments using isotopes of oxygen
have been used to show what?
How is glucose transported and stored?
What is glucose converted to and for what
are the products used for?
Why are insoluble substances used for
storage?
Why do plants grow faster in the summer?
How can photosynthesis be increased?
What process occurs in plants at all times?
Why must plants carry out respiration?
Explain why plants take in CO2 and give
out O2 during the day and they do the
reverse at night.
Why are chloroplasts not found in all plant
cells?
What does chlorophyll do?
Where does water enter the plant?
Where does CO2 enter the plant?
What features of a leaf means it is adapted
for photosynthesis? Why?
Explain how the cellular structure of a
leaf is adapted for efficient
photosynthesis.
How do plants maximise the use of
energy from the sun?
What is the name of the process which
means substances move in and out of cells?
Define diffusion.
How can the rate of diffusion be increased?
By what process does water move in and out
of a cell?
Define osmosis
That oxygen produced by photosynthesis is produced
from the splitting of water not from CO2
Transported as soluble sugars.
Stored as insoluble starch.
Glucose – Respiration
Cellulose – cell walls
Proteins – growth and repair
Starch, fats and oils – storage
Does not move away in solution from storage areas
Does not affect the water concentration inside cells.
Light
Warm
More CO2
More light
Higher temperature
Respiration
To produce energy which is then used for growth.
Photosynthesise during the day which produces oxygen,
and take in carbon dioxide.
During the night, there is no photosynthesis, so carbon
dioxide is produced from respiration and oxygen is taken
in.
Because not all cells are exposed to sunlight so do not
require chloroplasts.
Found in chloroplasts and absorb light energy for
photosynthesis
Root hair cells
Stomata
Broad – large surface area
Thin – short distance for gas diffusion
Contain chlorophyll and other pigments so can absorb light
from different parts of the spectrum.
Vascular bundle – for transport
Guard cells - open and close the stomata.
Transparent epidermis – allow sunlight into the leaf.
Palisade layer contains most chloroplasts – to absorb the
most sunlight.
Air spaces allow diffusion between stomata and cells –
gives a large surface area.
Internal surface area to volume ratio – large.
Contain different pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotene
and xanthophyll) so can absorb different parts of the
spectrum.
Diffusion
The net movement of substances from a high concentration to
a low concentration. Due to random movement of particles.
Shorter distance.
Greater concentration difference (gradient)
Greater surface area
Osmosis
The movement of water across a partially-permeable
membrane from an area of high water concentration (ie dilute
solution) to an area of low water concentration (ie
concentrated solution), as a consequence of the random
B4 Learning Outcome Questions
What is the role of the cell wall?
What happens when a plant doesn’t have
enough water?
How are plants supported?
What happens to the turgor pressure when
the plant wilts?
Explain the terms:
 Flaccid
 Plasmolysed
 Turgid
How does CO2 and O2 enter/leave the plant?
How are leaves adapted to increase the rate
of diffusion?
What happens when water moves into an
animal cell?
What term is used to describe the loss of
water and shrinkage of animal cells?
What term is used to describe the gain of
water and bursting of animal cells?
Why is the effect of water movement more
extreme in an animal cell compared to a
plant cell?
What is the pathway of water through a
plant?
In which plant vessel does transpiration
occur?
In which plant vessel does translocation
occur?
How can transpiration be increased?
Why does increasing light intensity
increase the rate of transpiration?
Why does increasing temperature
increase the rate of transpiration?
Why does increasing air movement
increase the rate of transpiration?
What does transpiration provide to the plant?
How is the structure of a leaf adapted to
reduce water loss?
How is the cellular structure of a leaf
adapted to reduce water loss?
What minerals are found in fertilisers?
What are the following minerals used for by
movement of individual particles
Provides support.
Wilts.
Turgor pressure. Water pressure acts against the cell wall.
There is a decrease in turgor pressure, so there is less water
pressure on the cell wall, causing the plant to droop.
Flaccid – net movement of water molecules is out of the
cell, so there is less turgor pressure – plant wilts
Plasmolysed – net movement of water molecules is out of
the cell, the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall and
the cell collapses.
Turgid – more water enters the cell.
Diffusion in the leaves.
Broad – large surface area
Thin – short distance for gas diffusion
Vascular bundle – for transport
Guard cells - open and close the stomata.
It will swell and eventually burst.
Crenation
Lysis
Animal cells do not have a cell wall so are not supported.
Enters in the roots, transported through the plant, up the stem
to the leaves, evaporates from the leaves.
Xylem
Phloem
Increase light intensity
Increase temperature
Increase air movement
Decrease Humidity
Stomata open, water can diffuse out of the leaf.
Water molecules have more energy so random
movement of water molecules increases and more water
escapes.
Wind causes water molecules near stomata are removed,
this increases evaporation and diffusion of water from
inside of the leaf.
Cooling
Photosynthesis
Support
Movement of minerals.
Waxy cuticle
More stomata on the bottom than the top of the leave.
Change guard cell turgidity
Number, distribution, position and size of stomata.
N – Nitrogen
P – Phosphorous
K - Potassium
Nitrates – makes proteins
B4 Learning Outcome Questions
plants?
Phosphates – for respiration and growth
Nitrates, Phosphates, potassium, magnesium Potassium – respiration and photosynthesis
Magnesium – for photosynthesis
How the following elements used in the
Nitrogen – makes amino acids
production of compounds in plants?
Phosphorous – makes DNA and cell membranes
Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and
Potassium to help enzymes (in photosynthesis
magnesium
and respiration)
Magnesium to make chlorophyll.
What are the consequences of the following
Nitrates – poor growth and yellow leaves
mineral deficiencies?
Phosphates – poor root growth and discoloured leaves
Nitrates, Phosphates, potassium, magnesium Potassium – poor flower and fruit growth and discoloured
leaves
Magnesium – yellow leaves.
How are minerals absorbed by plants?
Dissolved in solution. By the root hairs, from the soil
By what process are minerals taken up by Active Transport
the plant?
What are the key factors in the process of
• presence of microorganisms
decay:
• temperature
• oxygen
• moisture
Why decay is important for plant growth?
Minerals are recycled and used by plants for growth.
Why does changing temperature, and the Micro-organisms use oxygen for respiration for growth
amounts of oxygen and water, affect the
and reproduction, so more oxygen means more decay.
rate of decay?
What are detritivores?
Feed on dead and decaying matter.
How do detritivores help speed up decay?
Increase the surface area of the detritus
What is a saprophyte?
Organisms (e.g. fungi) which feed of dead and decaying
matter
How do saprophytes digest dead
Release enzymes which break down it’s food and then
material?
the food is absorbed.
What kind of digestion do saprophytes
Extracellular digestion
carry out?
Name the methods of preserving foods and
Adding sugar or salt – kills bacteria
how each one helps to preserve food.
Canning – food is heated to kill bacteria then food is stored in
a vacuum sealed can
Cooling – Slows down respiration and reproduction of microorganisms
Cooking – Kills bacteria
Drying – without water bacteria cannot grow
Adding vinegar – Bacteria cannot grow in acid conditions.
What is a pesticide?
Kill pests, which are any organisms that damage crops
What does an insecticide do?
Kill insects
What does a fungicide do?
Kill fungi
What does a herbicide do?
Kill plants (weeds)
What are the disadvantages of using
• pesticides may enter and accumulate in food chains
pesticides?
• pesticides may harm organisms which are not pests
• some pesticides are persistent.
What is intensive farming?
trying to produce as much food as possible from the land,
plants and animals available
Give examples of intensive farming
• fish farming
• glasshouses
• hydroponics
• battery farming.
What is hydroponics?
Growing plants without soil
How does intensive farming improve
Reduces energy transfer to pests (including weeds)
efficiency?
Reduces heat loss from farm animals by keeping them
penned indoors (battery farming) so that they are warm
B4 Learning Outcome Questions
What is organic farming?
Give examples of organic farming methods.
What are the advantages of organic farming?
What are the disadvantages of organic
farming?
What is “biological control”?
What are the advantages and disadvantages
of biological control:
and move around less.
No artificial fertilisers or pesticides.
• use of animal manure and compost
• crop rotation including use of nitrogen-fixing crops
• weeding by hand
• varying seed planting times.
No expensive chemicals are bought.
No chemical build up in food chain
Some people think it tastes better.
Biological control methods are slow and don’t kill all pests.
Crop yields are reduced.
Products are more expensive
Introducing a predator to kill the pests.
• Advantages: no need for chemical pesticides, does not need
repeated treatment
• Disadvantages: predator may not eat pest, may eat useful
species, may increase out of control, may not stay in the area
where it is needed.