Download Chapter 2 Minerals guided notes

Chapter 2 Minerals
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The basic building blocks of rocks
Definition of a mineral
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• Possess an ___________ internal _____________of atoms
• Have a definite ______________ composition
Mineraloid - lacks an orderly internal structure
Composition and structure of minerals
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Basic building blocks of minerals
Over 100 are known
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Smallest particles of matter
Have all the characteristics of an element
How atoms are constructed
_____________ – central part of an atom that contains
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__________ – positive electrical charges
__________ – neutral electrical charges
Energy levels, or shells
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Surround nucleus
Contain ___________________ – negative electrical charges
Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
Bonding of atoms
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Forms a compound with two or more elements
__________ are atoms that gain or lose electrons
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Have varying number of neutrons
Have different mass numbers – the sum of the neutrons plus protons
Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles
Minerals
Physical properties of minerals
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________________ form
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Physical properties of minerals
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__________ ______________
Other properties
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• Reaction to ____________________ acid
A few dozen minerals are called the rock-forming minerals
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The eight elements that compose most rock-forming minerals are oxygen (O), silicon (Si),
aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg)
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Most abundant atoms in Earth's crust are oxygen (46.6% by weight) and silicon (27.7% by weight)
Mineral groups
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Rock-forming silicates
• Most common mineral group
• Contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
• Four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atom
• Combines with other atoms to form the various silicate structures
• Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement
• _____________ – independent tetrahedra
• _____________ group – tetrahedra are arranged in chains
• _____________ group – tetrahedra are arranged in double chains
• _________ – tetrahedra are arranged in sheets
• Two types of mica are biotite (dark) and muscovite (light)
• _______________ - Three-dimensional network of tetrahedra
• Two types of feldspar are Orthoclase and Plagioclase
• __________ – three-dimensional network of tetrahedra
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Rock-forming silicates
• Feldspars are the most plentiful mineral group
• Crystallize from molten material
Mineral groups
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Do not contain ______________ or _________________
Nonsilicate minerals
• Major groups
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• “_________” elements
• Carbonates
• A major rock-forming group
• Found in the rocks limestone and marble
• Halite and gypsum are found in sedimentary rocks
• Many have economic value
Mineral resources
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Minerals serve as economic resources
Some are ore-bearing
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Reserves are already identified deposits
Others are non-ore bearing
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Ores are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit (ex: Galena (Pb), bauxite (Al))
Minerals that are useful but have no metallic properties (ex: Halite (salt), Graphite (pencil lead))
Economic factors may change and influence a resource