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ANIMALS’S
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
June 2008. Monterey Beach,
California.*
Alexa, look!
That night, Cecil opens
his books...
Psst, Cecil!
You are so curious,
aren’t you?!
Some animals live on land ... Some live in
water..., some have very complicated body
organs, and others have such simple body
organs... This of course means that animals’
respiratory systems are also different...
Kuark!
Yes-yes!!
And that’s why you
come to vist me!
Wow! What a
fantastic spout!
Well, I am not alone, you
know ... I came a long
way from smartiland with
Faunie and Bonie, his mini
dinosaur robot pet... I hope
they can help you learn
about animals’ respiratory
systems!
UNITED STATE
MEXICO
Monterey Bay, State of
California, the United States
of America
Hi,
Cecil!
Why do whales spout
water like that whenever
they surface?! Other fish don’t
do that...!
As far as I know,
spouting is how a whale
breathes out...
Hi Faunie.
Now ... I am very curious
to know why whales surface
to breathe?
Whales are mammals that
live in water. Mammals breathe
with lungs... This explains why
whales sometimes have to surface
to fill their lungs with air.
How?! Whales and fish
both live in water.. ?! Does it
mean that fish and whales
breathe differently?!
And Cecil... A whale is
not a fish! It’s a mammal,
like dolphins, seals, or
sea elephants.
Bonie !!
Bonie !!
Hi-hii-hii...
How funny!!
*) In winter, whales migrate toward warmer water. One of the areas most visited
by whales is the California waterways, because it has an abundant supply of the
whales’ favorite food, krill, a species of shrimps.
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My mini robot dinosaur
pet will help us understand the
respiratory system of mammals
like dogs, for example!
DOGS’S RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Birds also breathe with lungs....
They have an extra respiratory system
called airbags.
Trachea:
where air enters the
lungs
Nostrils
Lungs
A BIRD’S RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
What are those
airbags for?!
When a dog breathes, oxygen enters the nose to the
lungs. In the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon
dioxide. Oxygen is circulated throughout the body along
with blood, whereas carbon dioxide is breathed out
through the nose.
Trachea
Front bags
They store backup oxygen
to use while airborne.
Rear bags
Lungs
Spouting
holes
A WHALE’S RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
HOW A BIRD BREATHES WHILE AIRBORNE
Lungs
1 Oxygen in
Trachea
Whales are different ...
A whale’s nostrils are located
overhead! They are called the
spouting holes.
A whale breathes in oxygen through its spouting holes ... and dives under
while holding its breath. The oxygen is sent to the lungs and exchanged for
carbon dioxide. Now, because of its body-heat the carbon dioxide becomes
warm. As the whale surfaces, it spouts the warm steam. The spouted steam
hits the cold sea air and moistens so we have water spouts.
When breathing, a whale
fills 70-80% of its lungs with oxygen
so that it can dive for a very long time,
before surfacing again to breathe
oxygen...
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2 Oxygen in
1 Carbon dioxide
out
Lungs
Rear bags
First breath in:
First breath out:
Oxygen enters
through the nostrils.
Some is sent to the
lungs and some to
the rear airbags.
Oxygen in the airbags
moves to the lungs
and is exchanged for
carbon dioxide
Second breath in:
Second breath out:
Carbon dioxide in the
Carbon dioxide is
lungs moves to the
breathed out through
front airbags. Oxygen the nostrils. Oxygen
enters the rear bags. from the rear airbags
enters the lungs and
so on
So, a bird’s lungs will always
be filled with fresh oxygen when
breathing in as well as when
breathing out.
Right! Breathing requires
energy, you know ... and thanks to their
airbags, birds can save energy
required for breathing...
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Now,
What do insects breathe
with?
Reptilians, like snakes,
lizards, turtles, and
crocodiles also breathe
using lungs.
What about frogs?
Insects breathe with a trachea.
A trachea is split into fine vessels
called tracheoles. Tracheoles spread
throughout an insect’s body.
Frogs are amphibians.
On land, a frog
breathes with lungs. In
water, it breathes with
its skin..
A FROG’S RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nostrils
Lungs
Throat
AN INSECT’S RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
02
1
C02
2
3
4
5
Oxygen enters an insect’s body through
small pores in its body. These pores are
called spiracles. From the spiracles, oxygen
flows past tracheal veins, tracheoles, and
moves to the body cells.
Trachea
When breathing on land, a frog will blow up its throat to pump oxygen in through nose
holes called nostrils. The oxygen is pushed into the lungs, pushing the carbon dioxide into
the blown up throat and pushing it out through the nostrils.
02
Tracheal veins
Spiracle
C02
How can a frog
use its skin to
breathe?
Tracheolus
A frog’s skin is
very thin.
When in the water,
the oxygen in the water will enter
through the frog’s skin. Similarly,
carbon dioxide leaves the body
through the skin.
A skin of this kind is
called Semipermeable skin.
Some lungs come in the forms of thin
sheets arranged like the pages of a book
... They are called book lungs. Examples
of animals breathing using book lungs
include scorpions and spiders...
Book
Lungs
Epirus water toad
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I know, you must know what fish
use to breathe...
The next morning, in the
motor boat...
Of course. It’s gills ...! I just don’t
know how They work...
Still curious about how
animals breathe, Cil?
Not anymore,
Lex...
Go, Bonnie!
AN fish’s RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Gills
Water contains oxygen ...
When water passes the gills, oxygen
enters the blood vessels in the gills to
replace carbon dioxide ... Carbon dioxide
is also breathed out through the gills.
Water passes
the gills and
out
Water flows to
the mouth
Mouth
opened
Mouth
closed
Gill seals
closed up
Gill seals
opened
Fine, let’s go
fishing today!
Eh, oh ... How does a worm
breathe?!? Huh?!
There are two types of gills, called the external gills and the internal gills... Fish,
shrimps and crabs have internal gills.
Toad and salamander larvae live in water and have external gills ... When the
toad and salamander grow up and live on land, they switch their respiratory
system
To lungs and skin.
Yet, there is a species of salamanders found in mexico called axolotl... Even
after they have grown, they remain in the water
And still use external gills.
Salamander Larva
External
gills
Full grown Axolotl
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LIGHT BUT STRONG
Schoolyard,
During the break...
Huh! An empty bottle
…?! What for, Dit?!
Take a look…
Well, I just want to show
you all something…
Show us what?!
Hey, you, Dito…
… Do you want
something to drink?! Here
... Help yourself …!
O come on, Gigin,
you are always
… But,
teasing…
It’s empty,
Yeah, right ... That’s
ha, ha, ha…
rude. Giving someone an
empty bottle!
… You don’t need to
exaggerate … I am only kidding...
Well, what’s new with
that? Stepping on a plastic
bottle … of course it will
flatten… so what?!
The question is, if we just
leave the bottle alone why doesn’t
it flatten on its own, do you
know?!
Well, if no one presses it,
It will not flatten.
That’s why, dit!
You have forgotten
what Mister Gatot told us
back in the classroom,
haven’t you?!
Okay, that is all right … after
all I just need the bottle …
Not the contents!
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It flattens because of my
body weight pressure...!
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… The air on the surface
of the earth or in the
atmosphere ...
At the beach …
Presses down on every
object below it …
… Everything,
including us ...
AIR PRESSURE
Atmosphere
Air presses down on objects below it
Make no mistake ...!
Air pressure is tremendous,
you know!
Air pressure on the
surface of an object the size of
1 cm2 is equal to the pressure of a
1 kilogram load.
1 Kg – equal to 1 cm2
Earth
This is what we call air
pressure or atmospheric
pressure...
Really?!
1c
m
1c
m
2
Breadth 1 cm
So ... Why doesn’t the air pressure
flatten the empty bottle?!
Yeah!
And can’t our bodies feel air
pressure?!
Maybe the atmospheric pressure
is so light ... We can’t feel it!
Wow ... So, a surface
of 1 m2... Will feel a pressure
equivalent to a 10.000 Kg of load,
right?!
Let’s ask Mister Gatot
again tomorrow ... Okay?!
1m
Why tomorrow?! That is too
long to wait..! I want to know
the answer now!
So, we have to
look for...
Precisely, Rona...
A pressure of that size is equal to
the weight of two trucks,
you know...!
Wow …
wow!!
1m
Well ... If that is
the case ... Why doesn’t
an empty bottle flatten,
Quark?!
... Quark !!
Patience ... I have not
finished the explanation...
Oooh…!!
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Actually, where does air pressure
come from, Quark?! I thought air is very
light, isn’t it?!
To prove that air has weight, look at this
Well, as light as it is … it does
not mean that air has no weight...
After all, there is plenty of it!
empty balloon When both
balloons are not inflated,
they weigh equal to
empty
empty
each other.
ballon
ballon
Now, it’s my turn to
ask you a question
children …..
Of course not,
Quark…
Now, you are
testing us...?!
The mountain is higher than
the beach … so, it has a
thinner air layer overhead …
therefore the air pressure is
less there, right?!
Does the area around the
beach and the area around the
mountain side have the same air
pressure?!
filled
ballon
Air
empty
ballon
When the balloon on the left is filled with air, the
weight of the two balloons is no longer equal (it
slants leftward). This means that the balloon on
the left is now heavier because it has air inside!
From sea level, the air layer covering the earth can
be found as high as around 800 km.
However, its thickness varies because the air gets
thinner as it gets higher.
Mountain
Beach
His explains why mount
everest climbers must carry
oxygen tank with them.
Ehm … how do we
measure air pressure,
Quark?
Wow … great!
The higher it gets,
the thinner the air
Scientists classify the air layer or atmosphere of that thickness into 5 parts.
It begins with the layer closest to the earth’s surface to the farthest layer.
In order, those layers are called: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,
termosphere, and exosphere
TROPOSPHERE
is the lowest air
layer and the
closest to the
Earth’s surface...
Weather forms in
this layer.
STRATOSPHERE
is a layer above the
Troposphere. It is
where the ozone
layer is. The ozone
layer absorbs
ultraviolet (UV)
rays from the sun
that re dangerous
on the body.
Ultra violet
radiation
MESOSPHERE
TERMOSPHERE
In this part,
the lowest air
temperature
reaches (minus)
–90 degrees
centigrade (ice
cream is only
about –10 degrees
centigrade)! The
higher it gets,
the lower the
temperature is.
In this part, the
air is so thin. The
temperature reaches
1500 degrees
centigrade!
Here, you can find
an air layer called the
Ionosphere which
contains so many
negative electrical
charges (electrons).
Ozon
layer
EKSOSPHERE
is the outer most
layer of the
atmosphere
with a very,
very thin
air layer.
Aneroid
Barometer
There are 2 kinds of barometers:
the first one uses liquid mercury and
the second one does not use any liquid.
The one that does not use liquid is called
an aneroid barometer.
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Mercury
Barometer
In that case, the air pressure in
higher places must be less than
1 atm. Right Quark?!
Right!!
There are some units that
people use to measure the
amount of air pressure,
namely:
Pa (Pascal),
atm (Atmosphere),
bar (Barometer),
torr (Torricelli), dan
mmHg (Hg = Hidrargirum
= Mercury).
1 atm
Air pressure over the sea
is 1 atm.
Earth
To measure air pressure, we can
use a device called a barometer.
This is why air pressure is also
called barometer pressure.
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Go on,
Quark… now tell us about the empty
bottle...
Okay, okay!!
But, if the pressure (which comes from
opposite directions) are not equal… the
paper will move to the direction with less
air pressure!
Now, watch this
paper!
Don’t keep us
waiting...!
?????
Smaller
Pressure
Smaller
Pressure
Smaller
Pressure
Bigger
Pressure
Bigger
Pressure
Bigger
Pressure
If the air pressure
on this side is 1 atm…
What is the air pressure
on the other side?!
The air pressure in the
bottle is 1 atm, right?
So, if that’s
the case … that empty
bottle will not flatten
because ….
I know. It must be
1 atm too…!!
The air outside the
bottle is also 1 atm!
So…,
The air inside
... The bottle
does not feel the
pressure!
1 atm
Right! Even from above … below … front,
and back … in short, in all directions, the air
pressure is equal!
Pressure coming from opposite directions will
check each other … in science this is called
mutual negation!
1 atm
… That is why it
does not flatten!
1 atm
1 atm
1 atm
1 atm
1 atm
Well, it’s because the
question is only about an
empty bottle, Quark!
Ow, you children learn
quickly, don’t you?!!
That’s amazing!!
Okay, next time we shall
try another question …
agreed?!
Ready,
anytime?!
1 atm
1 atm
Consequently, the paper
won’t feel the air pressures!
It will stand still or remain in
balance...
1 atm
1 atm
1 atm
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1 atm
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