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Transcript 
2 - MINERALS
Building Blocks of Rocks
• Matter & Atomic Structure
• Bonding
• Minerals
– Physical properties of minerals
– Major rock-forming mineral families
– Silicates - rock-forming SUPER STARS
Structure
of an
Atom
Protons +/1
Neutrons 0/1
Electrons -/0
Two-dimensional
representation of a
12C atom
BONDING - 4 kinds
 IONIC - electrical charge
 COVALENT - sharing
 METALLIC - inner shell covalent bond
 INTERMOLECULAR - Van der Waal’s
IONIC BONDING - electrical
Covalent Bonding in Diamond
Covalent Bonds in Water
Carbon Atoms in Graphite
MINERALS - Rock Builders
 NATURALLY FORMED
 INORGANIC
 CRYSTALLINE & SOLID
 DIAGNOSTIC CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
CRYSTALLINE SOLID
Galena (PbS)
Atomic Structure of Galena
Sulfur
Lead
DIAGNOSTIC CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Ionic Radii &
charge of some
geologically
important ions
allows “ionic
substitution” or
SOLID
SOLUTION
WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE WHAT
MINERAL WILL FORM?




WHAT ELEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE
ABUNDANCE OF EACH ELEMENT
SIZE & CHARGE OF EACH ELEMENT
ENVIRONMENT - SPACE,
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE
Irregular
Intergrowth of
Quartz
Banded
Agate
Identify Minerals by Their
Physical Properties
 Crystal Habit
 Cleavage &
Fracture
 * Striations
 Hardness
 Specific Gravity
 Color
 Streak
 Luster
 Acid Test
Constancy of Interfacial and Angles
Crystal Form - Constancy of Interfacial Angles
in Quartz
Cleavage
Striations:
Pyrite
(Fool’s Gold)
FeS)
MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE
Examples
Brian Skinner
Ruby
The
Different
Colors of
Corundum
Sapphire
Streak - color of rock power
GALENA (Pb S) Identified by:
crystal habit
luster
specific gravity
hardness
Acid Test
Average Composition of the
Continental Crust
Si
O
Weight Percent
O
Volume Percent
COMMON ROCK-FORMING
MINERAL FAMILIES
 NATIVE ELEMENTS - GOLD,
COPPER
 HALIDES - PRECIPITATES
 OXIDES - 1 METAL + OXYGEN
 SULFIDES - 1 METAL + SULFUR
 SULFATES - (SO4)2 CARBONATES - (CO3)2 SILICATES - SUPER STARS!!!
One view of the Silica Tetrahedron
More Views
of the Silica
Tetrahedron
Linking Silicate
Tetrahedra
About Silicates
 There are 2 families of silicates:
 FERROMAGNESIAN SILICATES Fe/Mg -> MAFIC MINERALS
 NONFERROMAGNESIAN or
ALUMINO- SILICATES -> FELSIC
MINERALS
Olivine:
(Mg,Fe)2SiO4
formed from
single silica tetrahedra
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Cleavage
in the
Chain
Silicates
Framework (example: quartz)
Clay: a sheet silicate
SHEET SILICATES
GREEN
FELDSPAR
Polished Section
~1 cm
Thin Section
Thin section under ordinary light
Magnetite
Feldspar
Quartz
Mica
Thin section under polarized light
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