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GeoScienceFinalExam
1stSemesterReviewGuide NAME:_________________________________
Completethefollowingreviewguideaccuratelyandcompletely.Usethisguidetohelpyoupreparefor
yourfinalexam.Guideisdueonfinalexamday.Allinformationisinyourbooksand/oryournotes.I
haveaskedyoutosavenotesfromthebeginningoftheyear.IfyouhavenotesmissingallPowerPoint’s
arepostedontheclasswebsiteforyouruse.
SectionOne-NatureofScience,ScientificMethod,GeoScience.Usechapteroneofyourtextbooksand
pages728-743inthebackofyourtextbooks.
1. Whatpartofanexperimentiskeptthesameforeachtrial?
Control
2. Listanddescribeeachpartofthescientificmethod.
IdentifytheProblem
ResearchtheProblem/MakeObservations
FormaHypothesis
CreateandPerformanExperiment
AnalyzetheData
CommunicateResults–OR-ModifytheExperimentandStartOver
3. WhatdoesEarthSciencestudy?
EarthsciencestudiesthegroupofsciencesthatdealswithEarth(geology,oceanography,and
meteorology)anditsneighborsinspace(astronomy).
4. WhatarethefourmainbranchesofEarthScienceandwhatdoeseachonestudy?
Geology-studiestheearthanditshistory
Oceanography-studiesthecompositionandmovementsofseawater;coastalprocesses,
seafloortopography,andmarinelife
Meteorology-studiesatmosphericprocesses,weather,andclimate
Astronomy-studiestheuniverse
5. Whatisquantitativedata?Whatisqualitativedata?
Quantitativedata-datayoucanphysicallycount;numericaldata
Qualitativedata-descriptivedatathatdealswiththe5senses
6. Whatisascientificlaw?Whatisascientifictheory?
Scientificlaw-astatementbasedonrepeatedexperimentalobservationsthatdescribessome
aspectsoftheuniverse.
Scientifictheory-anideathatiswell-testedandwidelyacceptedbythescientificcommunity
andexplainsobservablefacts.
7. WhatdoEarthscientistsstudy?
TheprocessesthatmakeandshapetheEarth
8. Defineindependentanddependentvariable.
Independent-thevariablethatthescientistsmanipulate
Dependent-resultsfromthemanipulationoftheexperiment
9. Readthefollowingparagraphandanswerthequestionsbelow.
After learning about recycling, members of John’s biology class investigated the effect of various
recycled products on plant growth. John’s lab group compared the effect of different-aged grass compost
on bean plants. Because composition is necessary for release of nutrients, the group hypothesized that
older grass compost would produce taller bean plants. Three flats of bean plants (25 plants/flat) were
grown for 5 days. The plants were then fertilized as follows: (a) Flat A: 450 g of 3-month-old compost, (b)
Flat B: 450 g of 6 month-old compost, and (c) Flat C: 0 g compost. The plants received the same amount of
sunlight and water each day. At the end of 30 days the group recorded the height of the plants (cm).
a. What is the independent variable in this study? The age of the compost
b. What is the dependent variable? The height of the plants
c. In this study is the scientist approaching the problem in a qualitative way or a quantitative
way? Explain. Quantitative because they are collecting numerical data.
10. Howcanthestudyofscienceimpactsociety?
Themostsignificantimpactofscienceonsocietyisinspecificsectors,suchasinformation,
communication,physicalsciencesandenergy
11. Definehypothesis.Definetheory.
Hypothesis-apredictionbasedonresearchofwhatascientistthinksisgoingtohappeninan
experiment.
Scientifictheory-anideathatiswell-testedandwidelyacceptedbythescientificcommunity
andexplainsobservablefacts.
12. Canscientifictheoriesandlawschange?Explain.
Yestheycanbechanged.Ahypothesisthatistestedoverandoverwithoutbeingcontradicted
canbecomealaworprinciple.Allothercompetinghypothesesmustbeeliminatedforthisto
occur.Ifascientistfindsevidencethatcontradictsahypothesis,law,orprinciple,thenthe
law,hypothesisorprinciplemustbechangedorabandoned.
13. Howdoesascientifichypothesisbecomeatheory?
Whenahypothesishassurvivedextensivetestingandwhencompetinghypotheseshavebeen
eliminated,ahypothesismaybecomeascientifictheory.
14. Whatarethe2mainsourcesofenergyfortheEarthsystem?
Earth’scoreandthesun
15. Whatisthedifferencebetweenanobservationandaninference?Beabletodetermineifa
statementisdescribingandobservationoraninference.
Observation-Anyfactualinformationcollectedwiththesenses
Inference-Conclusionsordeductionsbasedonobservations;theymaybeinfluencedbyprior
knowledge
16. Ifahypothesisistestedandisshowntobeaccuratewhatisitcalled?
theory
17. Whenmeansformeasurementwerefirstinventedwhatwereusedasstandards?
Thefirstmeasurementsystemwasthemetricsysteminthe18thcentury.
18. Inreferencetotheladdermethodofconvertingunitswhatdoeseachofthefollowingletters
standfor?KHDBdcm
Kilo-Hecta-Deca-BASE-deci-centi-milli
19. Usetheladdermethodtoconvertthefollowing.a:50cm=_____metersb:1liter=______mL
50cm=0.5meters
1liter=1000mL
20. Howaremassandweightdifferent?Ifyouwenttothemoon,wouldyourmasschange?Would
yourweightchange?
Mass-ameasureoftheamountofmatterinanobject
Weight-ameasureoftheattractionbetweentwoobjectsduetogravity
Yourweightonthemoonmaydifferduetotheamountofgravity,howeveryourmasswill
alwaysbethesame.
21. Describethestepsofthescientificmethod?
seeQuestion2
EarthChemistry-Useyournotesandchapter2ofyourtextbooktoanswerthefollowing.
22. Whatdoestheatomictheoryofmatterstate?
1)Allmatterismadeofatoms.Atomsareindivisibleandindestructible.
2)Allatomsofagivenelementareidenticalinmassandproperties
3)Compoundsareformedbyacombinationoftwoormoredifferentkindsofatoms.
4)Achemicalreactionisarearrangementofatoms.
23. Whatarethe8mostabundantelementsinEarth’scrust?
Oxygen-46.6%
Silicon-27.7%
Aluminum-8.1%
Iron-5.0%
Calcium-3.6%
Sodium-2.8%
Potassium-2.6%
Magnesium-2.1%
24. WhatisthemostabundantelementinEarth’scrust?
Oxygen-46.6%
25. Whatarethebuildingblocksofminerals?
Elements
26. Whatisanatom?
Anatomisthesmallestparticleofmatterthatcontainsthecharacteristicsofanelement.
27. Whatisthecentralregionofanatomcalled?
Thenucleus
28. Whatarethe3subatomicparticlesandinwhatpartoftheatomaretheylocated?
Protons-positivelychargedparticlesinthenucleus
Neutrons-neutrallychargedparticlesinthenucleus
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Electrons-negativelychargedparticlessurroundingthenucleus
Whatisanisotope?
Atomswiththesamenumberofprotonsbutdifferentnumbersofneutronsareisotopesofan
element.
Howisthemassnumberofanatomdetermined?
Themassnumberisthenumberofprotonsplusthenumberofneutrons.
Whatistheatomicnumberofanelement?
Thenumberofprotonsandelementhas.
Howdocompoundsdifferfrommixtures?
Compoundsareformedbyacombinationoftwoormoredifferentkindsofatoms.
Mixturesaretwoormoredifferentsubstanceswhicharemixedbutarenotcombined
chemically.
Whatarethe3maintypesofchemicalbonds?
Ionic-formedbetweenpositiveandnegativeions.
Covalent-formedwhenatomsshareelectrons.
Metallic-formedwhenelectronsaresharedbymetalions.
Whatisamineral?
Anaturallyoccurring,inorganicsolidwithanorderlycrystallinestructureanddefinite
chemicalcomposition.
MineralsandCrystals-UseChapter2ofyourtextandyournotes.
35. Whyisiceinaglacierconsideredamineral,butwaterfromaglacierisnot?
Aniceglacierisconsideredamineralbecauseitissolidwhilewaterfromtheglacierisnot.
36. Describethewaysinwhichamineralcanbeformed?(precipitation,crystallization,etc)
1.Crystallizationfrommagma-asmagmacools,elementscombinetoformminerals.
2.Precipitation-ifwaterfromlakes,rivers,ponds,andoceansevaporates,someofthe
dissolvedsubstancescanreacttoformminerals.
3.Changesinpressureandtemperature-anincreaseinpressurecancauseamineralto
recrystallizewhilestillsolid-theatomsarerearrangedtoformmorecompactminerals.
4.Hydrothermalsolutions-whenhydrothermalsolutionscomeintocontactwithexisting
minerals,chemicalreactionstakeplacetoformnewminerals.
37. Wherewouldmineralformationcausedbyhighpressuresandhightemperaturesmostlikely
occur?(lavaflow,ocean,cave,deepwithinEarth)
Deepwithintheearth
38. WhatisMohsScaleusedtohelpdetermine?
MohsScaleisusedtodeterminethehardnessofminerals.
39. Howaremineralsclassified?
Mineralsareclassifiedbytheirchemicalcomposition.
40. Whatisacrystal?
Acrystalorcrystallinesolidisasolidmaterialwhoseconstituents,suchasatoms,moleculesor
ions,arearrangedinahighlyorderedmicroscopicstructure,formingacrystallatticethat
extendsinalldirections.
41. Whatelement(s)wouldthemineraltypeoxidescontain?
Oxidescontainoxygen.
42. Mineralsthathavethesilicon-oxygentetrahedronareclassifiedintowhichgroupofminerals?
Anymineralcontainingthesilicon-oxygentetrahedronareclassifiedassilicates.
43. Drawasilicon-oxygentetrahedron.
44. Mineralsinthesulfateandsulfidegroupscontainwhichelement?
Theycontaintheelementsulfur.
45. WhatisthemostcommonmineralgroupinEarth’scrust?
SilicatesarethemostcommonmineralgroupinEarth’scrust(oxygenandsiliconarethemost
abundantelements).
46. Whatpropertiesareusedtoidentifyminerals?
Color,Streak,Luster,CrystalForm,Hardness,Cleavage,Fracture,andDensityarethe
propertiesusedtoidentifyminerals.
47. Coloristheleastusefulinidentifyingminerals.Why?
Coloristheleastusefulbecausedifferentmineralscanbethesamecolorandbeeasily
confused.
48. Whatcausesdifferencesincoloramongminerals?
Colorwithinmineralscanvarydependingonotherelementspresentwithinthemineral.
49. Whatisdensity?
Ratioofanobjectsmasstoitsvolume D=M/V
50. Calculatethedensityofamineralwithamassof41.2gandavolumeof8.2cm3?
D=M/V
D=41.2g/8.2cm3
D=5.02g/cm3
51. Howmightyoudetermineifasampleofgoldispure?
Testitforitsdensity.
52. Whatdeterminespropertiesofamineral?
Propertiesofmineralsaredeterminedbycompositionandstructure.
53. Whatisluster?
Howlightisreflectedfromthesurfaceofamineral.
54. Whatiscleavage?Whatisfracture?
Cleavageisthetendencyofamineraltocleaveorbreakalongflat,evensurfaces.
Fracturecanbedescribedastheunevenbreakageofamineral.
55. Whatislava?Whatismagma?
LavaiswhenmagmareachestheEarth.
MagmaismoltenrockthatoccursdeepwithintheEarth.
56. List5ofthesevenphysicalpropertiesusedtoidentifyminerals.
Color,Streak,Luster,CrystalForm,Hardness,Cleavage,Fracture,andDensityarethe
propertiesusedtoidentifyminerals.
RocksandtheRockCycle.UsenotesandChapter3ofyourtextbook.
57. Whatarethethreetypesofrocks?
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
58. Howarethethreetypesofrocksclassified?
Theyareclassifiedbyhowtheyform.
59. Drawandlabelasketchoftherockcycle.(usetheEarthsciencetextbooksforthis)
60. Howaremetamorphicrocksformed?
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
Metamorphicrocksareformedwhenrockshavechangedduetotemperatureandpressure
increasesorthoseundergochangesincomposition.
Wheredoestheenergycomefromwhichdrivestherockcycle?
ThesunandEarth’score
Whattypeofrockformationispoweredbythesun?
Sedimentaryrocks
Whatistheenergysourceforigneousandmetamorphicrocks?
Earth’score
Whatisanintrusiveigneousrock?Whatisanextrusiveigneousrock?
AnintrusiveigneousrockformsbelowtheEarth’ssurfaceanditcoolsslowlyandformslarge
crystals.
AnextrusiveigneousrockformswhenlavacoolsatorneartheEarth’ssurfaceandcools
quicklyandformssmallcrystals.
WhenlargemassesofmagmasolidifybeneathEarth’ssurfacewhattypeofcrystalswilltherock
have?
Largecrystals
Whenlavacoolsveryquicklysothatthecrystalsdonothavetimetoarrangethemselveswhat
texturewilltherockhave?
Smallcrystals
Basalticmagmaisdarkincolorandgranitic(whichcontainslotsofsilicates)islightincolor.Ifa
rockformsfrombasalticmagmathatcoolsslowlyundergroundwhatwouldtheresultingrock
looklike?
Itwillbedarkincolorandhavelargecrystalspresent.
Asthecoolingrateofarockincreasesthesizeofcrystalsthatform______________.
Increase/getlarger
Howareconglomeraterocksformed?
Conglomerateisasedimentaryrockformedfromroundedgravelandbouldersizedclasts
cementedtogetherinamatrix.
Putthefollowingprocessesforsedimentaryrockformationinthecorrectorder-(deposition,
cementation,compaction,erosion,andweathering).
Weathering,deposition,erosion,cementation,compaction
Howarechemicalsedimentaryrocksformed?
Whendissolvedmineralsprecipitatefromwatersolutions.
Howareclasticsedimentaryrocksformed?
Madeofweatheredbitsofrocksandminerals
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
Usingthetableonpage79ofyourtextanswerthefollowing.
a. Howisrockgypsumformed?(needtouseanswerto49tohelpwiththis)
i. formedbytheevaporationofsolutionssuchasseawater.
b. Whattypeofrockiscomposedofveryfinecrystallinequartz?Chertandflint
c. Howwouldyouclassifyacoursegrainedrockwithangularfragments?Breccia
d. Aclasticsedimentaryrockwithparticlesthatare1.5mmindiameterwouldbe
classifiedas_____________.Sandstone
Wherewouldasedimentaryrockwithripplemarkshaveformed?
Therockmayhaveformedalongabeachorstreambed.
Wheredometamorphicprocessestakeplace?
AfewkilometersbelowEarth’ssurfaceandextendintotheuppermantle.
Whatistheprimaryagentforcontactmetamorphism?
Hotmagmamovingintotherock.(HEAT)
Whatchangesmayoccurduringmetamorphism?
Ingeologythisreferstothechangesinmineralassemblageandtexturethatresultfrom
subjectingarocktopressuresandtemperatures
Whatisafoliatedmetamorphicrock?
Ametamorphicrockthatthathasalayeredorbandedappearance.
Explaintherockcyclebydescribinghowandigneousrockcanbecomeasedimentaryrock,then
ametamorphicrock,thenanigneousrockagain.
Igneousrocksgetweathereddownanderodedintosediments.Thesesedimentsget
compactedandcementedtogethertoformasedimentaryrock.Whensedimentaryrocks
undergoextremeheatandpressuretheyformmetamorphicrocks.Whenmetamorphicrocks
meltdownintomagmaandthatmagmacools,theyformbackintoigneousrocksagain.
FossilsandGeologicTime-Usenotesandchapter12ofyourbookforthissection.
80. Whatdosedimentaryrocksrecord?
81. Define-indexfossil,cast,mold,petrification,mummification,amber
Indexfossil-fossilsthatarewidespreadgeographically,arelimitedtoashortspanofgeologic
time,andoccurinlargenumbers.
Mold-createdwhenashellorotherstructureisburiedinsedimentandthendissolvedby
undergroundwater;onlyshowstheshapeandsurfacemarkingsoftheorganism.
Cast-createdifthehollowspacesofamoldarelaterfilledwithmineralmatter.
Petrification-
Mummification-
Amber-
82.
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84.
85.
86.
87.
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90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
Inwhattypeofrockwouldyoumostlikelyfindevidenceofpastlifeforms?
Sedimentaryrocks
Whichofthefollowingcouldberecordedintherockrecord?(civilwar,occurrenceofsunspots,
volcaniceruption,lunareclipse)
Volcaniceruptions
WhatdoestheLawof(orprincipleof)Uniformitarianismstate?
Theforcesandprocessesthatweobservetodayhavebeenatworkforaverylongtime.
Accordingtotheprincipleofcross-cuttingrelationships,anintrusiverockbodyis(older,
younger)thantherocksintowhichitintrudes.
Younger
Whatisrelativedating?
Tellsusthesequenceinwhicheventsoccurred,nothowlongago.
Whatdoesthelawofsuperpositionstate?
Statesthatinanundeformedsequenceofsedimentaryrocks,eachbedisolderthantheone
aboveitandyoungerthantheonebelowit.
Inwhattypeofrockaremostfossilsfound?
Sedimentary
Whattypeoffossilispetrifiedwood?
Alteredremains
Whattypeoffossilarethefootprintsofadinosaur?
Tracefossil
Circlewhichofthesewouldbemostimportantforanorganismtobecomeafossil-(rapidburial,
slowburial)(hardparts,softparts)
Rapidburialandhardparts
Whatisanindexfossilandhowisthistypeoffossilbeneficialtogeologists?
Fossilsthatarewidespreadgeographically,arelimitedtoashortspanofgeologictime,and
occurinlargenumbers.Theseareimportantbecausetheyhelpmatchrocksofthesameage.
Whatisahalf-lifeofaradioactivesample?
Half-life:theamountoftimenecessaryforonehalfofthenucleiinasampletodecaytoits
stableisotope.
Atomsthathavethesameatomicnumber(#protons)anddifferentmassnumbers(#protons+
#neutrons)arecalled?
Isotopes
95. Ifyoubeganwitha10gsampleofaradioactiveparentisotopeandthesamplewentthrough2
halflives,howmuchoftheparentisotopewouldremain?
2.5g
96. Radiometricdatingispossiblebecausetheratesofdecayofradioactiveisotopes(areconstant
orvarywidely).Circlethecorrectone
Constant
97. Ifyouweretodateanigneousrockwhatdoesthedatetellyou(whenitwaseroded,whenit
wasformed,orrelativeageoftherock).Circlethecorrectone.
Relativeageoftherock
98. Radiocarbondatingcanbeusedtodateupto_____________yearsago.
75,000years
99. WhatisthecurrentrecognizedageofEarth?
4.6billionyears
100.
Whatisanindexfossil?
Fossilsthatarewidespreadgeographically,arelimitedtoashortspanofgeologictime,and
occurinlargenumbers
101.
Describesomeofthewaysfossilscanform-cast,mold,petrification,mummification,
andinamber.
Seequestion81
102.
Whatislatitudeandlongitude?
Latitudeisthedistancenorthorsouthoftheequatormeasureindegrees.
Longitudeisthedistanceeastorwestoftheprimemeridianmeasuredindegrees.
103.
Whereistheprimemeridianlocated?
Theprimemeridianislocatedat0degreeslongitudeandrunsthroughGreenwich,England.
104.
Howcouldyoudistinguish2points35degreesnorthoftheequatorusingmap
coordinates?(onesiteisinNorthAmericaandtheotherinChina)
Ifbothpointsareat35degreesnorth,todetermineeachcoordinate,youshouldmaptheir
longitudesaswell.
105.
Whattypeofmapshowsdifferencesinelevation?
Topographicmap
106.
WhatdoesaMercatorprojectionshow?
Mercatorprojectionsshowdirectionsaccurately;theydistortsizesanddistances.
107.
Onatopographicmap,contourlinesthatformacircleindicatewhat?
Theyrepresentahill.
108.
Amaphasascaleof1:24,000.Whatdoesthatmean?
Thismeansthat1unitonthemapisequalto24,000unitsontheground.
109.
Knowhowtofindacontourinterval,indexcontour,andelevationsontopographic
maps.
Thefollowingaregeneralcharacteristicsofcontourlines:
1.Contourlinesdonotcrosseachother,divideorsplit.
2.Closelyspacedcontourlinesrepresentsteepslopes,conversely,contourlinesthatare
spacedfarapartrepresentgentleslopes.
3.Contourlinestrendupvalleysandforma"V"ora"U"wheretheycrossastream.
Contourline-connectspointsofequalelevation
Elevation-distancebeloworabovesealevel
Thedifferenceinelevationbetweenside-by-sidecontourlinesisthecontourinterval
Contourlinesmarkedwiththeirelevationareindexcontours
Contourlinesclosearoundhillsandbasins(hachurespointdown)
Contourlinesnevercross
ContourlinesformV’sthatpointupstreamwhenevertheycrossstreams.
Ifthecontourlinesareclosetogether,thenthatindicatesthatareahasasteepslope
Ifthecontourlinesarefarapart,thenthatindicatesthelandhasagentleslope(lowslope
Adepression,suchastheinsideofadeadvolcano,isrepresentedbyHachurelines.
Hachurelinesareregularcontourlineswithsmallsegmentsstickingoutfromit.
Thefirsthachurelikeisatthesameelevationasthecontourlinebeforeit.
ContourlinesformV’sthatpointupstreamwhentheycrossastream.
Itisimportanttorememberthattheypointintheoppositedirectionastheflowofwater.