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Chapter 22
America as a World Power
1867 - 1920
Essential Question
•How did America’s
growing power affect its
relationships with other
nations?
I. The United States Gains Overseas
Territories
• Imperialism: building an empire by founding
colonies or conquering other nations (Europe)
• Isolationism: avoiding involvement in the affairs
of other countries (U.S.)
• By late 1800’s, U.S. needed to expand to keep
economy strong
– 1890 - Capt. Alfred Mahan publishes The Influence of
Sea Power upon History: argued for a strong navy to
protect economic interests and naval bases around
the world
Pacific Expansion 1867 - 1900
• Areas acquired by the U.S.
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Alaska (Seward’s Folly) – fur, timber, minerals
Midway Islands – naval base
Samoa – naval base
Hawaii – sugar, naval base
• Areas opened/controlled by the U.S.
– Japan – trade opened with U.S. in 1853 – begins a 40-year
modernization toward Japan becoming an imperial power
– China – spheres of influence: areas where foreign nations
controlled resources
• Open Door Policy: all nations should have equal access to trade
• Boxer Rebellion: Chinese nationalists angered by foreign influence,
killed foreign born people – U.S. and Europe invade
II. The Spanish-American War
• Yellow Journalism: sensational, often
exaggerated news stories
– Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
– Vivid stories of Spanish brutality toward Cuba
– De Lôme Letter – Spanish minister to U.S. called
President McKinley “weak”
– U.S.S. Maine – battleship blown up in Havana
Harbor on February 15, 1898 – Spain blamed
• “Remember the Maine!”
War in the Philippines
• Filipinos, like the
Cubans, were revolting
against Spain
• May 1, 1898,
Commodore George
Dewey destroys entire
Spanish Pacific fleet –
no American killed
• U.S. troops and Filipino
rebels take over led by
Emilio Aquinaldo
War in the Caribbean
• U.S. Army not prepared
– Not enough rifles or
bullets
– Wool uniforms
– Ate canned meat from
Civil War
– Yellow fever – more
soldiers died of disease
than battle wounds
• Rough Riders
– Led by Theodore
Roosevelt
– Captured San Juan Hill
and Kettle Hill
overlooking Santiago
United States Gains Territories
• Spain signs cease fire on August 12, 1898
• Philippines
– Wanted freedom, but became a territory of U.S. until 1946
– Filipinos fight guerrilla war with U.S. up through 1902 –
4200 American soldiers killed
• Puerto Rico
– Wanted freedom, but became a territory of U.S.
• Cuba
– Teller Amendment (1898): United States would not annex
Cuba
– Platt Amendment (1899): allowed the U.S. to intervene in
Cuban affairs – lasted until 1959
III. The United States and Latin
America
• Panama Canal:
– Connects Atlantic and
Pacific oceans
– U.S. supported Panama’s
independence from
Colombia
– Construction began in
1904 – took 10 years to
build
U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
• “Speak softly and carry a
big stick”
• Theodore Roosevelt
believed U.S. should play
active role in Western
Hemisphere
– Monroe Doctrine (1823):
warned Europe to stay out
of Latin American affairs
– Roosevelt Corollary (1904):
U.S. can intervene in Latin
American affairs
U.S. Interests in Latin America
• Dollar Diplomacy: policy of President Taft –
influencing governments through economic
intervention
• Moral Diplomacy: policy of President Wilson –
promote democracy in Latin America, but use
force if necessary
– Mexican Revolution: struggle for power 19101917 - U.S. invades Mexico to prevent weapons
arriving from Europe and to capture rebel leader
Pancho Villa