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IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
For Review:
Antigen: A substance which, when put into
a body, stimulate the body to produce
antibodies against it.
Antibodies: A protein in blood serum that
attacks a specific antigen. It can either
destroy it or neutralize it.
Agglutination: Clumping of RBCs due to
antibodies attacking antigens
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Q:
Why do red blood cells agglutinate?
A: The antibodies for each antigen of
blood type are able to bind at TWO binding
sites to the antigen (sometimes called
marker molecules). This enables the
antibody to bond in two places and thus
bind numerous RBCs together.
(See illustrations)
IMMUNOASSY
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Ch. 8 Serology
Q:
Why do red blood cells agglutinate?
IMMUNOASSY
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Ch. 8 Serology
Q:
Why do red blood cells agglutinate?
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
This agglutination can cause clotting which
can be fatal in a transfusion.
Remember:
Blood type ____ has ________ antibody
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
This agglutination can cause clotting which
can be fatal in a transfusion.
Remember:
Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
This agglutination can cause clotting which
can be fatal in a transfusion.
Remember:
Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody
Blood type ____ has ________ antibody
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
This agglutination can cause clotting which
can be fatal in a transfusion.
Remember:
Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody
Blood type _B__ has _anti-A_ antibody
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
This agglutination can cause clotting which
can be fatal in a transfusion.
Remember:
Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody
Blood type _B__ has _anti-A_ antibody
Blood type ____ has ________ antibody
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
This agglutination can cause clotting which
can be fatal in a transfusion.
Remember:
Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody
Blood type _B__ has _anti-A_ antibody
Blood type _O__ has _BOTH_ antibodies
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
This agglutination can cause clotting which
can be fatal in a transfusion.
Remember:
Blood
Blood
Blood
Blood
type
type
type
type
_A__ has _anti-B_ antibody
_B__ has _anti-A_ antibody
_O__ has _BOTH_ antibodies
____ has ________ antibody
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
This agglutination can cause clotting which
can be fatal in a transfusion.
Remember:
Blood
Blood
Blood
Blood
type
type
type
type
_A__ has _anti-B_ antibody
_B__ has _anti-A_ antibody
_O__ has _BOTH_ antibodies
_AB_ has _NEITHER_ antibody
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Antibodies can be artificially created to
attack certain antigens (e.g. illegal drugs).
These antibodies are often used in drug
testing.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called _________________.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 1: Antigen (e.g. the illegal drug) is
attached to a carrier protein molecule.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 1: Antigen (e.g. the illegal drug) is
attached to a carrier protein molecule.
WHY?
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 1: Antigen (e.g. the illegal drug) is
attached to a carrier protein molecule.
WHY?
(We’ll come back to that question)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 2: The antigen (attached to its carrier
protein) is injected into an animal (e.g. a
rabbit).
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 2: The antigen (attached to its carrier
protein) is injected into an animal (e.g. a
rabbit).
Days or weeks typically elapse while the
body of the animal develops an antibody
IMMUNOASSY
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Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 3: Spleen cells are extracted from the
rabbit.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 4: Fuse the (normal) spleen cells
with cancer cells.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 4: Fuse the (normal) spleen cells
with cancer cells.
WHY?
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 4: Fuse the (normal) spleen cells
with cancer cells.
WHY?
(We’ll get back to that later as well)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Step 5: Let them grow in a petri dish.
They will produce as many antibodies as
you want.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 1) Why do we attach the
antigen to a carrier protein before
injecting it into the animal?
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 1) Why do we attach the
antigen to a carrier protein before
injecting it into the animal?
A: The usually antigen is too small. (the
larger molecule elicits a more potent
immuno-response)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the
normal spleen cells from the rabbit with
cancer cells?
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the
normal spleen cells from the rabbit with
cancer cells?
A: The answer is in the definition of the
type of cells these produce called
hybridoma cells.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the
normal spleen cells from the rabbit with
cancer cells?
A: hybridoma cells: Cells that are
produced when normal cells are fused with
myeloma or lymphoma (cancer) cells TO
PRODUCE CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the
normal spleen cells from the rabbit with
cancer cells?
A: Think about what a HYBRID (…e.g. a
hybrid car…)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the
normal spleen cells from the rabbit with
cancer cells?
A: Therefore hybridoma cells have the
benefits of both:
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the
normal spleen cells from the rabbit with
cancer cells?
A: Therefore hybridoma cells have the
benefits of both:
a) Normal cells capacity to produce
the specific antibody
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these antibodies
is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal
spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells?
A: Therefore hybridoma cells have the benefits
of both:
a) Normal cells capacity to produce the
specific antibody
b) Cancer cells ability to reproduce
quickly.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these antibodies
is called __immunoassy_____.
Back to our questions:
Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal
spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells?
A: Therefore hybridoma cells have the benefits
of both:
a) Normal cells capacity to produce the
specific antibody
b) Cancer cells ability to reproduce
quickly.
So TOGETHER….
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
(This immunoassay technique is illustrated
on pages 290 and 292 of the Saferstein
text)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces ______________
antibodies.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
The technique for producing these
antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
Q: What is the difference between
monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal
antibodies?
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
Q: What is the difference between
monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal
antibodies?
A: Polyclonal antibodies bond to MANY
sites on a particular antigen
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
Q: What is the difference between
monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal
antibodies?
A: Polyclonal antibodies bond to MANY
sites on a particular antigen
Monoclonal antibodies bond to only ONE
site on a particular antigen
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
Q: What is the difference between
monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal
antibodies?
A: Polyclonal antibodies bond to MANY
sites on a particular antigen
Monoclonal antibodies bond to only ONE
site on a particular antigen
(See the hand-drawn illustrations)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
Q: Why are monoclonal antibodies more
desired than polyclonal antibodies?
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
Q: Why are monoclonal antibodies more
desired than polyclonal antibodies?
A: Because monoclonal antibodies are
more specific to the antigen in question.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
Q: Why are monoclonal antibodies more
desired than polyclonal antibodies?
A: Because monoclonal antibodies are
more specific to the antigen in question.
I.e. polyclonal antibodies can often
bond to antigens other than the one you
want them to.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good one
because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
Q: Why are monoclonal antibodies more
desired than polyclonal antibodies?
A: Because monoclonal antibodies are more
specific to the antigen in question.
I.e. polyclonal antibodies can often bond
to antigens other than the one you want them
to.
BOTTOM LINE: More false positive drug tests
when using polyclonal antibodies as one of the
reagents.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Also this immunoassay technique is a good
one because it produces __monoclonal___
antibodies.
BOTTOM LINE: More false positive drug
tests when using polyclonal antibodies as
one of the reagents.
NOTE: ALL immunoassay techniques will
produce antibodies that will give false
positives (even the monoclonal
antibodies). The key is to minimize it.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
IMMUNOASSY
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Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
Enzyme
Multiplied
Immunoassay
Technique
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
EMIT is widely used to detect
drugs & drug metabolites in
urine that are difficult to detect
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
(Use the illustration on page 291 of
Saferstein text)
First: Put an antibody for the drug testing
for into urine sample
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
(Use the illustration on page 291 of
Saferstein text)
Second: Place a labeled version of the
drug in the urine sample.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
(Use the illustration on page 291 of
Saferstein text)
Second: Place a labeled version of the
drug in the urine sample.
(B/c the drug is labelled it is easy to
detect)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
(Use the illustration on page 291 of
Saferstein text)
Second: Place a labeled version of the
drug in the urine sample.
(B/c the drug is labelled it is easy to
detect)
Competition for binding sites will occur
between the labelled drug and the
unlabeled drug
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
(Use the illustration on page 291 of
Saferstein text)
Third:
Test for the labeled drug.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
(Use the illustration on page 291 of
Saferstein text)
Third: Test for the labeled drug.
If no labeled drug is present then the
antibody was able to remove all of it b/c
no unlabeled drug was present (no
competition)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
(Use the illustration on page 291 of
Saferstein text)
Third: Test for the labeled drug.
If (YES) labeled drug IS present then the
antibody was NOT able to remove all of it
b/c of the competition between labelled
and unlabeled drug.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
Another great example of immunoassay is
EMIT
(Use the illustration on page 291 of
Saferstein text)
E.G of EMIT: Using the antibody for THC-9
carboxylic acid (which is a metabolite of
marijuan=-
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
IMMUNOASSY
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Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
After locating semen stain(s) testing to
confirm its identity should take place.
This can include DNA testing
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 1:
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase
is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 1:
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase
is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
However, acid phosphatase is present in
far greater amounts in seminal fluid
(anywhere from 50-1000 times more
concentrated in fluid from prostate gland)
when compared to other bodily fluids.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 1:
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase
is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
Acid phosphatase reacts with certain
reagents (e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate
and certain dyes) to produce a purple
color.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 1:
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase
is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
Acid phosphatase reacts with certain
reagents (e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate
and certain dyes) to produce a purple
color.
So the purple color indicates a positive test
for semen.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 1:
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is
an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
Acid phosphatase reacts with certain reagents
(e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate and certain
dyes) to produce a purple color.
So the purple color indicates a positive test for
semen.
Therefore, the acid phosphatase test is a(n)
________________ test for the presence of
semen.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 1:
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is
an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
Acid phosphatase reacts with certain reagents
(e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate and certain
dyes) to produce a purple color.
So the purple color indicates a positive test for
semen.
Therefore, the acid phosphatase test is a(n)
___presumptive____ test for the presence of
semen.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 1:
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an
enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
Acid phosphatase reacts with certain reagents (e.g.
Sodium napthylphosphate and certain dyes) to
produce a purple color.
So the purple color indicates a positive test for
semen.
Therefore, the acid phosphatase test is a(n)
___presumptive____ test for the presence of
semen.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdnOTMXiUW0
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase
is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
A false positive can be given from:
a. fruit & veggie juices
b. vaginal fluid
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 1:
Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase
is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.
A false positive can be given from:
a. fruit & veggie juices
b. vaginal fluid
However, the purple color will typically
occur much sooner if it is from seminal
fluid (1 min or less from semen; several
min from other substances)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 2:
Look under microscope for presence of
sperm.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 2:
Look under microscope for presence of
sperm.
Under 400x magnification if sperm are
seen then (obviously) that is positive for
semen.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 2:
Look under microscope for presence of
sperm.
Under 400x magnification if sperm are
seen then (obviously) that is positive for
semen.
However, there are some hurdles to seeing
sperm:
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 2:
However, there are some hurdles to seeing
sperm:
A) Fragile nature of sperm (easily destroyed)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 2:
However, there are some hurdles to seeing
sperm:
A) Fragile nature of sperm (easily destroyed)
B) oligospermia: low sperm count
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 2:
However, there are some hurdles to seeing
sperm:
A) Fragile nature of sperm (easily destroyed)
B) oligospermia: low sperm count
C) aspermia: The absence of sperm
(e.g. would be the case if the person had a vasectomy)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 3:
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (aka
“p30”)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 3:
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (aka
“p30”)
This antigen is injected into a rabbit.
Produces polyclonal antibodies (e.g. “antip30”)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 3:
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (aka
“p30”)
Place BOTH the antigen and antibodies into
The two wells of a spot plate:
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 3:
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (aka
“p30”)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 3:
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 3:
Electrophoresis causes antigen and
antibody to move towards each other.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN
Test method 3:
Then a precipitant is formed in the middle
(represented by dashes). This is a
positive test for p30 (& thus for semen)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
Absence of semen does not necessarily
mean that no sexual assault occurred.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
When a rape victim disrobes to submit
evidence:
a) stand on a clean bed sheet
b) also stand on clean paper
WHY?
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
When a rape victim disrobes to submit
evidence:
a) stand on a clean bed sheet
b) also stand on clean paper
WHY? A: to collect items of evidence
that fall off during disrobing.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
When a rape victim disrobes to submit
evidence:
a) stand on a clean bed sheet
b) also stand on clean paper
WHY? A: to collect items of evidence
that fall off during disrobing.
c) shoes off before stepping on paper
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
When a rape victim disrobes to submit
evidence:
Collect each disrobed item and bag
separately (in paper bags) to avoid
contamination
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
When a rape victim disrobes to submit
evidence:
Items with possible seminal stains
must be handled with great care
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
When a rape victim disrobes to submit
evidence:
DNA evidence can be present in tiny
amounts, even from the perspiration
of the assailant.
Thus examiner must wear gloves
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
When a rape victim disrobes to submit
evidence:
A physical exam must take place
ASAP. A Rape Victim Collection Kit
should be there as well. This
includes everything from forms about
the victims medical history to
collection bags for evidence. (Pics
on pp. 307-309 of textbook)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
DNA testing
The increase in the sensitivity of DNA
testing has lead to use of DNA analysis in:
Bite wounds on a victim
b) Underwear of suspect
a)
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
Vaginal contents are examined for
evidence of sexual activity.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
Vaginal contents are examined for
evidence of sexual activity.
Non motile sperm can remain alive and
viable for up to 3 days.
IMMUNOASSY
TECHNIQUES, ETC.
Ch. 8 Serology
COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE
Buccal swabs will be collected for DNA
analysis from:
a)
b)
The suspect of the sexual assault
Any with whom the victim may have had
consensual intercourse within past 72
hr.