Download for speciality Dentistry

THE QUESTIONS to the FINAL EXAMINATION
“HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY –
HISTOLOGY of ORAL CAVITY” for speciality
Dentistry
CYTOLOGY
 The cell. The common plan of the eukaryotic cell structure.
 Biomembranes of the cell, their structure, chemical composition and principle
functions.
 Plasmalemma, its structure, chemical composition and functions. Transport of
substances across the plasmalemma. Endocytosis and exocytosis.
 Intercellular junctions, their types, structure, functions.
 Classification of organelles.
 Mitochondria, their structure and functions.
 The endoplasmic reticulum, its types, the role in synthetic processes.
 The Golgi complex, structure and functions.
 The lysosomes, structure and functions. Types of lysosomes.
 Nucleus, its basic components. Nucleolus. Its structure and functions.
 Cell cycle, its phases.
EMBRIOLOGY
 Germ cells. The role of the nucleus in transference and realization of hereditary
information. Oogenesis.
 Stages of embryogenesis. Fertilization, cleavage. Human blastula structure and
ways of gastrulation.
 Differentiation of germ layers, and formation of axial
primordial organs in human.
 Endoderm and its derivatives’ differentiation.
 Mesoderm and differentiation of its derivatives.
 Types of placentae in mammals. Human placenta, its development, structure,
functions.
 Connection of human embryo (fetus) with maternal organism at different stages
of embryogenesis. Characteristic of trophoblast, chorion and placenta in human.
BASIC HISTOLOGY
EPITHELIA
 Covering and Lining Epithelia: characteristics; morphological classification.
Microvilli and cilia; their structure and functional significance.
 Epithelia. Exocrine Glands, their structural components. Classification according
their structure (simple/compound; branched/unbranched; alveolar/tubular),
secretion type (serous/mucus) and the mode of secretion (merocrine, apocrine,
holocrine).
BLOOD
 Formed elements of blood. Differential leukocyte count. Characteristic of
Agranulocytes. Lymphocytes: sizes, structure, functions. T- and Blymphocytes, their functions.
 Formed elements of blood. Differential leukocyte count Characteristic of
Granulocytes. Types of granulocytes: sizes, structure, functions.
HEMOPOIESIS
 Prenatal and postnatal hemopoiesis. Conception of blood stem cell (HSC),
colony-forming units (CFU) and committed cells (multipotential, oligopotential
and unipotential). Erythropoiesis, its stages.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 Connective Tissues: general features and classification. Fibrous Connective
Tissue: Types (loose, dense irregular, dense regular), their features. Cell types
and extracellular matrix.
 Loose Connective Tissue. The cells and extracellular matrix. Macrophages:
origin, structure, functions.
 Loose Connective Tissue. The cells and extracellular matrix. The role of
connective tissue in Inflammation and Repair processes.
 Connective Tissues: general features and classification. Cartilage Tissue:
development, structure, function. The growth and regeneration of cartilage.
 Bone Tissue: general features and classification. Histogenesis: intramembranous
and endochondral ossification. Bone remodeling.
MUSCLE TISSUES
 Muscle Tissues. General features. Classification. Embryonic Origin. Skeletal
Muscle, Histogenesis, structure, regeneration.
 Muscle Tissues. General features. Classification. Cardiac Muscle. Histogenesis,
structure, response of muscle to injury.
NERVE TISSUE
 Nerve tissue. General features. Embryonic Development. Morphological and
functional classification of neurons. Neurons: cell body, dendrites, axon.
 Nerve tissue. General features. Neuroglial cells of CNS and PNS: origin,
classification, structure and functions of various types.
 Nerve tissue. General features. Embryonic Development. Myelinated and
unmyelinated nerve fibers. Myelinization of nerve fibers in CNS and PNS.
 Nerve tissue. General features. Embryonic Development. Synapses.
Classification, structure, mechanism of signal transmission in synapses.
 Nerve tissue. General features. Embryonic Development. Nerve endings.
Classification. Receptors and effectors.
SYSTEMIC HISTOLOGY
NERVE SYSTEM
 Nerve system. Sources of embryonic development. Concept about Grey matter
and White matter; Nuclei of CNS.
 Cerebellum. Structure and functions. Neurons of the cerebellar cortex and
interneuronal connections.
ORGANS of SENSES
 Organs of senses. Classification. The Eye. Structure of retina, its neurons.
Ultrastructure of rod- and cone photoreceptor cells, their functions. Pigmented
epithelium of retina. Adaptive changes of pigmented epithelium depending on
daylight or darkness.
 Organ of vision. Embryonic development. Structure.
 Organs of senses. Classification. Organ of Hearing. Structure. Cytophysiology
of receptor cells of the Spiral Organ.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 The cardiovascular system. Classification of blood vessels. Sources of
embryonic development. Structure of walls of blood vessels. Correlation
between the blood vessel wall’ structure and hemodynamics conditions.
 Arteries. Classification, structure, functions. Correlation between the artery wall’
structure and hemodynamics conditions.
 The cardiovascular system. The blood vessels of the microcirculatory bed:
arterioles, capillaries, venules. Types of capillaries.
 Veins. Classification. Structure, functions. Differences between a muscular vein
and an artery’ structure.
 The Heart. Structure of its tunics. Sources of their embryonic development.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Endocrine system. Morphofunctional characteristic of endocrine glands.
Classification. Pituitary gland (hypophysis). Embryonic development. Structure:
tissues and cells of adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. Types of
endocrinocytes. Regulation of their functions.
 Endocrine system. Morphofunctional characteristic of endocrine glands.
Classification. Hypothalamus-hypophysis relationship. Structure and functions.
 Endocrine system. Morphofunctional characteristic of endocrine glands.
Classification. Thyroid gland. Embryonic development. Structure. Secretory
cycle of follicular cells, its regulation. Parafollicular cells, their function.
 Endocrine system. Morphofunctional characteristic of endocrine glands.
Classification Suprarenal (adrenal) glands. Embryonic development. Structure.
Endocrine functions and their regulation.
ORGANS of IMMUNOGENESIS
 Conception of the immune system and its components. Classification and
characteristic of immune cells and their interaction in humoral and cellular
responses.
 Organs of hemopoiesis and immunogenesis. Classification. Structure of the
lymph node and lymphoid nodules. Their functional role in proliferation,
differentiation and maturation of T- and B-lymphocytes.
 Organs of hemopoiesis and immunogenesis. Red bone marrow. Characteristic of
postnatal hemopoiesis in the red bone marrow.
 Organs of hemopoiesis and immunogenesis. Classification. Spleen. Structure
and functions. Features of blood supply. Pre- and postnatal hemopoiesis in the
spleen. T- and B-zones.
 Organs of hemopoiesis and immunogenesis. Classification. Thymus. Sources of
development. Structure, functions. Endocrine function. Concept of agedependent involution and accidental involution of the thymus.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 The digestive tract. General Structural Features.
 Esophagus: structure, function. Esophageal glands.
 Stomach. General Structure. Regional Differences. Histophysiology of gastric
glands.
 Small Intestine. General structure. Sources of development. The epithelial cells
of villi and crypts. Regional differences.
 Large Intestine. Appendix. General structure.


Liver. General structure and functions. Features of blood supply. Structure of a
classic liver lobule.
Pancreas. Exocrine and endocrine parts. Histophysiology.
ORAL CAVITY
 General structure of oral cavity. Sources of development.
 Features of the Mucosa. Types of Mucosae.
 Lips, their structure.
 Cheeks, their structure.
 The Tongue, its structure and functions..
 The soft palate, its structure. The uvula.
 Тhe hard palate. Structure.
 Large salivary glands. Features of various salivary glands’ structure and
functions.
 Parotid Glands.
 Submandibular Glands.
 Sublingual Glands.
 Tonsils, their structure and functions.
TEETH and Associated Structures
 Functions of teeth. Teeth generations: permanent and deciduous teeth.
 Teeth. Stages of development. Sources of tooth development.
 Tooth structure. Aged-dependent alterations.
 Regeneration of tooth tissues.
 Enamel. General characteristic, structure, function. Cuticle. Nutrition.
 Dentin, its structure. Composition (dentinal tubules, matrix). Functions.
Nutrition. Features of mantle dentin, circumpulpal dentin, and predentin.
Primary and secondary dentin. Denticles.
 Cementum. Composition, structure, functions. Reparative regeneration.
Nutrition.
 The pulp. Source of development. Structure, zones. Crown pulp and root pulp.
 Gingiva. Parts. Epithelial attachment.
 Periodontum: structure and functions.
 Early stages of a tooth development. Tooth germ (primordium), its components.
Differentiation of tooth primordial. Apposition stage: formation of enamel and
dentin. Features of enamel and dentin mineralization.
 Formation of tooth root.
 Features of development and eruption of permanent teeth. Differences between
deciduous and permanent teeth.
 Regeneration of tooth’ tissues.
 Age-related changes in the tooth development.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Conducting and respiratory portions. Lungs. Alveolar cells. Air-blood barrier.
Features of blood supply.
SKIN
 Skin. Sources of development. Structure. Thick and thin skin. Keratinocytes and
process of keratinization and physiological regeneration of the epidermis.
Origin, structure and functions of melanocytes, Langerhans’ cells and Merkel’
cells. Receptor apparatus of the skin.

Structure of the skin derivatives: hairs, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
URINARY SYSTEM
 Kidneys. Morphofunctional characteristic. Sources of development. Structure
and features of blood supply
FEMALE and MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 General features of the female reproductive system. Cyclic changes. Ovaries.
Ovarian follicles. Origin and maturation of oocytes. Ovulation. Corpus luteum.
Hormones and ovarian function. Uterus. Endometrium. Myometrium.
Perimetrium. Ovarial-menstrual cycle and its regulation.
 General features of the male reproductive system. Testes. Seminiferous tubules.
Spermatogenesis, its regulation. Blood-testis barrier. Endocrine function of the
testis.