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Alan Brinkley,
AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e
Chapter Two:
Transplantations and
Borderlands
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
The Early Chesapeake
– The Founding of Jamestown
– The London Company funded the expedition of
144 men on 3 different ships, only 104 survived
the trip.
– Selected location along the James River for
strategic defensive position
– Hot, humid, swampy area where malaria
outbreaks were common.
– Powerful local Chief Powhatan also controlled the
areas surrounding.
Jamestown

All men, adventure seekers, and
looking for gold
– Neglected to grow crops or find
gold, only 38 survived first year.

John Smith
– Stepped forward to provide
leadership and organization to
commit the colony to survival.
– Raided native villages for food and
supplies as well as kidnapped
natives to learn the land.
Captain John Smith
(Portrait Gallery)
The Starving Time
Winter of 1609 natives retaliated from Smith’s
raids, killed their livestock and barricaded them in
their palisade.
 By spring only 60 of the near 500 people sent by
the Virginia Co. were left.
 Arrival of Lord De La Warr
 Bringing supply ship up the coast and agreed
to stay and reorganize the colony.
 Became first governor of the colony and
installed strict discipline regimen.

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Tobacco

John Rolfe
– Jamestown planter,
experimented with plant
already grown by local natives.
– Cash crop that proved
prosperous for both colonists
and investors.
– Rather than gold, Jamestown
was saved by tobacco.
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Chapter Two:
Expansion

Needed more land
– Tobacco is tough on the soil and farmers
constantly needed more land
– They moved further away from settlement and
infringed on native territories.
– Sir Thomas Dale’s War with natives to control lands
– Dale kidnapped Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas
– John Rolfe married her and she converted to
Christianity when he wouldn’t agree to the ransom
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Turbulent Virginia

By 1660’s Virginia had grown to roughly
40,000 citizens and inhabitants.
– Colonial government was dominated by small group of
wealthy led by William Berkeley
– Bacon’s Rebellion
– Nathaniel Bacon, wealthy Cambridge Graduate
– Purchased large farm in Virginia back country and
represented them in Berkeley’s group.
– When Berkeley refused to aid western farmers in revolts,
Bacon led group on attacks against Berkeley.
– Bacon died of dysentery and Berkeley retained control.
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Impact of Bacon’s Rebellion
Revealed white settlers’ disrespect for
agreements with natives, and native upset
 More importantly

– Most of Bacon’s followers were former
indentured servants and landless poor who
resented upper class land owners.
– Proved that the indentured servant system
should diminish and encouraged development
of the slave trade.
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Maryland and the Calverts

Founded by George Calvert – Lord Baltimore
– A converted Catholic who assumed the land for
real estate opportunities and religious freedom.
– Proprietary Rule
– The Calverts assumed complete and absolute
control free from the king for an annual fee.
– Befriended natives and received help, unlike
Jamestown.
– Calverts needed people to make the colony prosper
– Exercised religious tolerance and invited
Protestants, who eventually outnumbered them.
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The Growth of New England

The Plymouth Plantation
– Puritan Separatists illegally went to Holland for
religious tolerance, soon left though
– Received permission from Virginia group to go to
Jamestown as long as they agreed to “peaceably
carry themselves”.
– Left in September and arrived in November
– Short of supplies and poor weather, they missed
their landing point and decided to settle along
present day Cape Cod.
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Plymouth
Named after the port they set sail from in
England.
 Had no legal basis to be that far North
 Mayflower Compact

– Document signed before they landed
establishing a civil government and proclaiming
allegiance to the king
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Growth of Plymouth

The Role of Natives
– Natives around area were weak from disease
and had to get along with settlers unlike
natives surrounding Jamestown.
– Actually helped teach Pilgrims plant crops and
hunt the native animals.
– Squanto: had been captured and taken to
England years before, served as translator and
guide.
– Roughly 13 years later the natives would
contract Smallpox and nearly wipe out the
population.
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The Massachusetts Bay Experiment
Political and religious turmoil in England
 Charles I disbanded Parliament and oppressed
Protestants, Puritans in particular
 Massachusetts Bay Company – puritan merchants obtained a
grant from the kind to develop the Massachusetts region
occupied by the pilgrims.
 According to the charter, “freemen” were to meet as
general court and adopt rules. Eventually this changed to
only include citizens.
 Massachusetts:
 John Winthrop dominated Massachusetts law, city on a hill
 Could only become citizen if you were a member of the
church, the line between church and state grew thin.

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Roger Williams and Anne
Hutchinson
 Roger Williams:
 a devout Separatist, felt that
Massachusetts should break from
church of England.
 Also felt there should be a separation
between church and state to protect
the church from outside influences.
 They banished him and he survived by
living with the Narragansett Indians.
 Founded Rhode Island with the idea of
complete religious toleration.
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Roger Williams and Anne
Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson:
– Argued that Clergy who were not among the “elect”
shouldn’t be able to hold office in Massachusetts.
– Basically: she felt some were using the church as a
means to gain political power.
– Also was seen as hostile to predominant Puritan views
on the role of women, differential wife and mother, not
powerful religious and political.
– She was banished and moved to Rhode Island with her
family.
– Three years later, John Wheelwright – a follower of
Hutchinson, led a group to populate the colony of New
Hampshire.
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Changing Culture with Natives

Importance of Indian Assistance
– Initially weaker tribes taught them to farm and
hunt
– Overhunting led to decline of available wildlife
– Need for more cultivated lands led settlers to
migrate to Connecticut Valley.
– Natives there were more numerous and powerful.
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The Pequot War and King Philip’s War

The Pequot War
– Settlers aligned with Mohegan and Narragansett
natives against the more powerful Pequots over
control of fur trade and land.
– Cpt. John Mason set fire to Pequot village and
burned most of the tribe.
– Those who tried to escape were either killed or
sold into slavery.
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The Pequot War and King Philip’s War

King Philip’s War
– Metacomet and Wamponoags felt English intrusion of their
lands and culture – they attacked and raided
Massachusetts settlements for 3 years.
– Settlers forged alliance with local Mohawks
– While they attacked native villages, the Mohawks
ambushed and killed Metacomet.
– Settlers paraded his severed head through Boston.
– Without Metacomet native resistance weakened.
– English technology like the flintlock generally led them to
hold advantage in any subsequent conflict with natives.
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The English Civil War

Origins
– Charles I – intolerant English
ruler, dissolved Parliament.
– 7 year war between Cavaliers
supporting the King and
Roundheads led by Oliver
Cromwell.
– Beheaded Charles, Cromwell
took over as Lord and Protector.
– Cromwell dies 10 years later and
Charles II retains throne.
Oliver Cromwell (Portrait Gallery)
The Restoration Colonies

Charles II rewarded supporters with charters
for lands in America.

Often gave them more freedom than before to
control without consent
of the King.
Virginia and Carolina, 1638
(Royalty-Free / CORBIS)
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The Carolinas

Fundamental Constitution for Carolina:

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Developed in part by John Locke
Elaborate system of land distribution and social order.
South Carolina vs. North Carolina

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North Carolina consisted of mainly backwoods small time
farmers.
South Carolina had more fertile land and better harbors
that allowed development of strong aristocracy.
Conflict between the two would eventually lead the king to
divide Carolina into 2 separate colonies in 1719.
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Mid-Atlantic Colonies

New York
– Charles II granted charter to his brother James to extend
from Connecticut to Delaware Rivers.
– Most of the land already belonged to Dutch
– With some conflict the English forced Dutch to surrender
and granted them assurance they would allow them to
stay.
– New York was perhaps the most diverse of the colonies.
– Wealthy Dutch patrons and English Lords controlled the
colony, but it became center of much trade.
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Mid-Atlantic Colonies

New Jersey
– James initially gave part of his charter to
political allies. They renamed their new
territory after their birth place, New Jersey.
– After arguments about control stifled growth,
the crown reclaimed control of the colony.
– New Jersey developed much like New York
 Diverse cultural groups, but no wealthy upper class
like New York.
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Mid-Atlantic Colonies

Pennsylvania
– The Quakers
– Extremely radical part of Separatist movement, nontraditional rules and functions.
– William Penn, son of a well respected Navy Admiral,
converted to the Quaker faith, along with a number who
wanted to start their own colony free of ridicule.
– Upon his father’s death the king granted him land
between New York and Maryland to pay off debts.
– Penn advertised real estate extremely well, encouraged
people of all faiths to come to Pennsylvania and use
fertile land.
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Pennsylvania Cont.

Pennsylvania Wealth and Progress
– Penn believed land belonged to natives, tried to reimburse
them as often as possible
– Few conflicts with natives as result.
– More than any other colony, PA prospered from the very
onset.
– Penn never saw much of the wealth and died imprisoned
and poor back in England.
– Charter of Liberties
– Before returning to England, Penn signed the document
which gave representation to all people in the colony
– Opened the door for people of Delaware to start own colony
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc