Download Anatomy Lecture Review

Anatomy Lecture
Review
Anatomical Position
• The body standing erect, facing forward,
feet together, toes pointed slightly apart,
hands at one’s side, palms facing forward.
• Once the body is in this position (or
imagined to be in this position,) the
positional terms can be used correctly.
• Left and Right: yours or the patient’s?
Positional Terms
Anterior
Posterior
Ventral
Dorsal
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Superficial
Deep
Proximal
Distal
Supine
Prone
Body Planes
• Frontal (Coronal)
• Sagittal
• Transverse
Sagittal
plane
ParaSagittal
plane
Histology
• Histology is the study of normal tissues
under a microscope.
• Be able to recognize a description of all
the structures seen in compact bone under
a microscope:
– Lacunae, perforating canal, osteon (functional
unit of compact bone), central canal,
canaliculi, lamellae, osteocytes, osteoblasts,
osteoclasts, periosteum, hydroxyapatite.
Compact
Bone
Compact Bone Structures
• Osteon: functional unit of compact bone.
• hydroxyapatite The crystalline structure of calcium and phosphate
that make up bone matrix
• lamellae The circular and concentric layers of collagen fibers
• lacunae The pockets or cavities in which the cells are trapped
• Haversian (or central) canal The large channels containing a
blood vessel which run longitudinally down the center of each unit
• canaliculi The “tiny channels” which run transversely through the
layers of bone and allow for diffusion of nutrients and wastes to the
cells
• perforating canal: connects one Haversian canal to another
• osteocytes The mature bone cells which are trapped in the matrix
and help to maintain it
• Osteoblasts: bone cells that lay down new bone
• Osteoclasts: bone cells that reabsorb bone
Bone Terms to Know
• Periosteum (secured to the bone by Sharpey’s
fibers)
• Sharpey’s fibers (anchor the outer wrapping to
the bony matrix below it)
• Articular Cartilage (cap around long bone)
• Tendon (attaches muscle to bone)
• Ligament (attaches bone-to-bone)
• Aponeurosis (modified tendon)
• Epiphysis (ends of long bones)
• Diaphysis (shaft of long bone)
• Medullary Cavity (hollow area inside long bone)
• Spongy Bone (contains trabeculae instead of
osteons and lamellae)
• Trabeculae
Spongy Bone
• Instead of osteons,
spongy bone has
trebeculae.
Histology
• Tendons and ligaments are made from
what type of connective tissue?
– Dense Regular Connective Tissue
The Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• Sternum
• Vertebrae
–
–
–
–
–
7 Cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
5 fused coccygeal
• Ribs
Pelvic Girdles
• Os Coxae (Innominate
bone)
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubis (Os pubis, pubic bone)
Pectoral Girdles
• Clavicle
• Scapula
Appendicular Skeleton
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
– Metacarpals
– Phalanges (pollicis refers to the thumb)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
– Metatarsals
– Phalanges (hallux is the big toe)
Bone Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
Vascular (has own blood supply)
Regenerates well
Contains calcium and hydroxyapatite
Forms mostly after birth
Is not flexible
Bone Cells
• Osteoblast (makes bone)
• Osteocyte (mature bone cell)
• Osteoclast (reabsorbs bone)
Formation of Endochondral Bone
• Hyaline cartilage develops in the general
shape of the future bone.
• Periosteum forms on the outside of the
developing bone.
• Osteoblasts deposit bony tissue in place of
disintegrating cartilage.
Types of Ossification
• Primary
– starts in diaphysis from cartilage
• Secondary
– starts in epiphysis from cartilage
Types of Bones
• Long Bones
– Arms and legs
• Sesamoid Bones
– Develop inside tendons and near joints
• Flat Bones
– Skull bones and scapula
• Irregular Bones
– vertebrae
Cartilage
• What are the three types of cartilage?
– Hyaline cartilage (most of the joints)
– Fibrocartilage (vertebral discs, pubic symphysis)
– Elastic cartilage (ears)
• Where in the body can each of these three
types of cartilage be found?
• What type of cartilage does an embryonic
skeleton have?
– Hyaline
Cartilage Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
Avascular (no blood supply)
Does not regenerate well
Contains no calcium or hydroxyapatite
Begins conversion to bone before birth
Is flexible
Stages of Healing a Fracture
Blood
escapes
Fibrous
callous
Spongy
Bone
callous
Osteoclasts
remove
excess bone
Figure 6.14
Categories of Fractures
• Simple: Skin is not broken
• Compound: Bone sticks out through skin, often
gets infected
• Complete: Both sides of diaphysis broken
through
• Incomplete: One side of diaphysis is broken
• Stress: Just a crack in the surface
Types
Types of
of Fractures
Fractures
•
•
•
•
•
•
Comminuted
Compression
Spiral
Epiphyseal
Depressed
Greenstick
Table 6.1
Table 6.1
Table 6.1
Table 6.1
Table 6.1
Table 6.1
About Joints
• Tendons
– bind a muscle to bone
• Ligaments
– bind bone to bone
• Both are dense regular connective tissue
• About Muscles (acting at a joint)
– origin
– insertion
– action
Joint Movement
• Synarthrotic
– immoveable, allows no movement
• Amphiarthrotic
– allows only limited movement
• Diarthrotic
– freely moveable
Fibrous Joints



A fibrous joint is two bones joined by
fibrous connective tissue.
It is immovable so it is categorized as a
synarthrotic joint.
No joint cavity
Cartilaginous Joints



A cartilaginous joint is two bones joined by cartilage. The
cartilage is either fibrocartilage (a symphysis joint) or
hyaline cartilage (a synchondrosis).
Fibrocartilage joints (symphyses) are amphiarthrotic
(slightly moveable).
 Examples are intervertebral discs and the pubic
symphysis
Hyaline cartilage joints (synchondroses) are synarthrotic
(immovable).
 Examples are epiphyseal plates and costal cartilages
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis is a
joint in which the
bones are bound by
hyaline cartilage (A
synchondrosis is
synarthrotic: not
moveable)
A synchondrosis is a
synarthrosis
Synovial Joints
• The most familiar type of joint and the most
common. It allows a wide range of motion so it
is functionally classified as a diarthrotic joint
• Examples include the elbow, knee, knuckles, the
joints between the wrist and ankle bones
• Synovial joints are the most structurally complex
type of joint, (having a joint cavity) and are the
most likely to develop uncomfortable and
crippling dysfunctions
Bursae
A bursa is a fibrous sac filled with synovial
fluid, located between adjacent muscles or
where a tendon passes over a bone.
Bursae cushion muscles, help tendons slide
more easily over the joints, and sometimes
enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by
modifying the direction in which its tendon
pulls.
Condyloid Joints
Metacarpal-phalangeal
joints: these are
biaxial condyloid joints
Ball and Socket Joints
Shoulder and hip
joints are ball and
socket. This type
of joint is
multiaxial.
The Knee Joint
•
•
•
•
Tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint
The largest and most complex diarthrosis
of the body
Hinge joint, but has movements of gliding, rolling and
rotation
• 3 articulations: lateral and medial articulations of
femur and tibia; intermediate articulation of patella
and femur. Note: Fibula does not articulate with the
femur, only with the tibia.
10 pt Essay Question: Label this
Essay Answer: ½ pt each
10 pt Essay Question: Label this
Essay Answer: 1 pt each
Anterior
Posterior
10 pt Essay Question: Label this
(1/2 point each)
Essay Answer (a)
Essay Answer (b)
Muscle Types
• Smooth: spindle shaped
– no striations
– involuntary
• Cardiac: cylindrical shaped
– striated
– involuntary (only responds to direct electrical
stimulation)
• Skeletal: elongated
– striated
– voluntary
MOTION TERMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
FLEXION: reduces the angle of the joint from the anatomical
position. Flex elbow
EXTENSION: movement that returns you to anatomical position.
Extend elbow.
All these terms refer to either a body part or a joint. Can flex elbow
or flex joint.
HYPEREXTENSION: extension beyond anatomical position; wrist,
neck.
Some terms relate only to certain areas, such as the ankle:
DORSIFLEXTION: lift up toes
PLANTARFLEXION: move toes down
INVERSION: when sole of foot points inward
EVERSION: sole of foot points outward.
ABDUCTION: move body part away from midline; arm, fingers,
thumb
ADDUCTION: bring back to midline; arms, fingers, thumb
MOTION TERMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ROTATION: pivot on an axis; shake head “no”; can rotate
head and shoulder
CIRCUMDUCTION: to draw a circle with body part; shoulder,
head
PRONATION (to lie prone is on stomach). Turn hands
downward.
SUPINATION: refers to arms; want a bowl of soup, supinate
PROTRACTION: to move anteriorily; shoulders, mandible
RETRACTION: to move part posteriorly; shoulders
ELEVATION: to raise part superiorly; shoulders
DEPRESSION: to lower part; open mouth.
Muscle Terms
• Prime mover
• Synergist (helps prime mover)
• Antagonist (does opposite of prime
mover)
• Fixator (holds bone in place so prime
mover can move a body part better)
Gluteus Maximus
• When sitting and going to a standing
position, this is the primary muscle
responsible for straightening the hip
Hip Flexors
• When one foot is on the ground, these
muscles contract to lift the opposite foot
off the ground
The Reflex Arc
Dorsal root ganglia
contain cell bodies
of sensory neurons
Order of Nerves Firing
• To pick up an object, you wrap your hand
around the object. This gives you a
sensory input as you feel the object.
• The sensory neuron sends the impulse to
the spinal cord where it synapses on an
interneuron.
• The interneuron synapses on a motor
neuron
• The motor neuron tells your muscles to
contract so you can pick up the object.
Spinal Nerve Plexi
• A network of ventral
rami
• Interlacing network
• Gives redundancy in
case of nerve
damage
C1-C4- Cervical
plexus
C5-T1- Brachial
plexus
L1-L4- Lumbar
Plexus
L4-S4- Sacral
Plexus
Brachial
Plexus
ROOTS
TRUNKS
DIVISIONS
CORDS
NERVES
Damage to the Brachial Plexus
Axillary
Musculocutaneus
Major Nerves
of the Upper
Extremity
Axillary Nerve
• Deltoid
• Teres minor
Musculocutaneus Nerve
• Supplies anterior muscles of the arm
Median Nerve
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Supplies no muscles of the arm
• Supplies anterior forearm (except flexor
carpi ulnaris)
Ulnar Nerve
• “Funny Bone”
• Supplies flexor carpi ulnaris
Radial Nerve
• Supplies muscles on the posterior arm and
forearm
– Triceps brachii
– Extensor carpi radialis
– Extensor digitorum communis
Obturator
Femoral
Nerves of the
Lower
Extremity
Obturator Nerve
• Supplies adductor muscles
Sciatic Nerve
• Supplies back of thigh
– Biceps femoris
– Semimembranosis
– Semitendonosis
• Supplies leg and foot
Femoral Nerve
• Anterior Thigh
– Quadriceps femoris
Tibial Nerve
• Posterior leg and foot
– Gastrocnemius
– Soleus
– Tibialis Posterior
Common Peroneal Nerve
• Superficial branch
– Lateral side of leg
– Supplies peroneal muscles
• Deep branch
– Supplies anterior leg muscles
– Injury causes “Foot Drop”
Dermatomes
• The area of skin innervated by a
cutaneous branch of a spinal nerve at a
particular level.
Arteries of the
Upper Extremity
Arteries of the Upper Extremity
• Subclavian (becomes axillary artery in
armpit)
• Axillary (becomes brachial artery in arm)
– Supplies triceps brachii
• Brachial (divides into radial and ulnar
arteries when it reaches the elbow)
– Supplies arm muscles except triceps brachii
• Radial
• Ulnar
External
Iliac artery
Arteries of
the Lower
Extremity
Arteries of the Lower Extremity
• External iliac (becomes femoral artery)
• Femoral (becomes popliteal artery at
knee)
– Muscles of thigh
• Popliteal (becomes tibial artery in leg)
• Tibal
– Leg muscles