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INTRODUCTION OF STEM
CELL TECHNOLOGY
Importance of Stem Cell Research
7/4/2017
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Stem Cell History
1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human
embryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making
cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for
embryonic stem-cell research
2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
International creates $20 million fund-raising effort
to support stem-cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos
using private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Stem Cell – Definition
•
A cell that has the ability to
continuously divide and differentiate
(develop) into various other kind(s) of
cells/tissues
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Stem Cell Characteristics

‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)

Capable of dividing and renewing
themselves for long periods of time
(proliferation and renewal)

Have the potential to give rise to
specialized cell types (differentiation)
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
7/4/2017
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Kinds of Stem Cells
Stem cell
type
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
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Description
Examples
Cells from early
Each cell can develop
(1-3 days)
into a new individual
embryos
Some cells of
Cells can form any (over
blastocyst (5 to 14
200) cell types
days)
Cells differentiated, but Fetal tissue, cord
can form a number of
blood, and adult
other tissues
stem cells
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Stem Cell Differentiation
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Princeton University
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Kinds of Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells come from a five to six-day-old embryo. They
have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human
body.
Embryonic germ cells are derived from the part of a human embryo or
foetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised or
differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth. Based on current
research they appear to have a more restricted ability to produce
different cell types and to self-renew.
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Blastocyst Diagram
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Princeton University
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Sexual Reproduction
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The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Stages of Embryogenesis
Day 1
Fertilized egg
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Day 2
2-cell embryo
Day 11-14
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Tissue Differentiation
Day 3-4
Multi-cell embryo
Day 5-6
Blastocyst
Derivation and Use of
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
Isolate inner cell mass
(destroys embryo)
Outer cells
(forms placenta)
Inner cells
(forms fetus)
Day 5-6
Blastocyst
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“Special sauce”
(largely unknown)
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Kidney
Culture cells
Heart muscle
Heart
repaired
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Embryonic stem cells
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Adult stem cells
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Applications
 Disease
• Diabetes, Spinal
cord injury,
Parkinson’s
disease, heart
disease
 Genetic based
Disease
• Cystic fibrosis,
Huntington’s
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Unknowns in Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
•
•
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It is uncertain that human
embryonic stem cells in vitro can
give rise to all the different cell
types of the adult body.
It is unknown if stem cells cultured
in vitro (apart from the embryo)
will function as the cells do when
they are part of the developing
embryo
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
•
•
7/4/2017
Stem cells need to be
differentiated
to
the
appropriate
cell
type(s)
before they can be used
clinically.
Recently, abnormalities in
chromosome number and
structure
were found in
three human ESC lines.
Dr. Hariom Yadav
Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
•
•
Stem cell development or proliferation
must be controlled once placed into
patients.
Possibility of rejection of stem cell
transplants as foreign tissues is very high.
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
•
•
Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,
and Mycoplasma possible.
The use of mouse “feeder” cells to grow
ESC could result in problems due to
xenotransplantation (complicating FDA
requirements for clinical use).
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
Stem cell and cloning
Immune rejection
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Dr. Hariom Yadav
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Thanks
7/4/2017
(Time 2.19.01)
Dr. Hariom Yadav