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Chapter 25, Section
Qing Dynasty
清朝
(1644-1911)
Emperor Shun Zhi
the 1st Emperor of Qing Dynasty
after Mancus conquered China
“Henry” Pu Yi
Last Emperor of China and
Qing Dynasty
Chapter 25, Section 5
China and the New Imperialism
• What trade rights did westerners seek in China? And
how did they go about getting them?
• What internal problems did Chinese reformers try to
resolve?
• How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?
Chapter 25, Section
Emperor Qianlong
1736-1795
Empress Dowager Cixi
1835-1908
Chapter 25, Section
“As Your
Ambassador can see
for himself we
possess all things. I
set no value on
objects strange and
ingenious and have
no use for your
country’s
manufactures.”
- Emperor
Qianlong
to Lord George
Macartney 1792 (on a
British mission for
trade and commerce
with China)
Chapter 25, Section
“Therefore, the new regulations, in regard to those
barbarians who bring opium to China the penalty is
fixed at decapitation or strangulation”
Chapter 25, Section
The Opium Wars
1839-1842
1856-1860
Chapter 25, Section 5
The Trade Issue
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign
traders.
China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported.
Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the
Chinese than they sold to them.
In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first
in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make
concessions to western powers.
China paid a huge indemnity to Britain.
The British gained the island of Hong Kong.
China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British
citizens in China extraterritoriality.
Chapter 25, Section
1899 French magazine
Unequal Treaties
Chapter 25, Section
1. Reimburse Britain
for costs incurred
fighting the Chinese
2. Open several ports
to British trade
3. Provide Britain
with complete
control of Hong
Kong
4. Grant
extraterritoriality to
British citizens living
in China
Chapter 25, Section 5
Internal Problems
By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.
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Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained,
leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.
The population explosion that had begun a century
earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.
An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and
widespread official corruption added to the peasants’
burden.
The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.
Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the
Taiping Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.
Chapter 25, Section
• What were the causes of the Opium War?
• What were the results?
Chapter 25, Section
The Taiping Rebellion1850-1865
Hong Xiuquan
Chapter 25, Section 5
Reform Efforts
In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening
movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China.
The movement made limited progress because the
government did not rally behind it.
After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War,
Emperor Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.
Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the
emperor was imprisoned.
Chapter 25, Section 5
Imperialism in China to 1914
Chapter 25, Section
Chapter 25, Section 5
Fall of the Qing Dynasty
As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.
In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In
response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.
Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms.
Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.
In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.
Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to
rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and
economic security for all Chinese.
Chapter 25, Section
Chapter 25, Section 5
Section 5 Assessment
Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the
West?
a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.
b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the
West.
c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to
foreign trade.
d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.
What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?
a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.
b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.
c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants.
d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 25, Section 5
Section 5 Assessment
Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the
West?
a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.
b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the
West.
c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to
foreign trade.
d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.
What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?
a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.
b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.
c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants.
d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
Chapter 25, Section
Revolution of 1911
Chapter 25, Section
Overthrow of Manchu Dynasty (1644-191
1911 Manchu Dynasty
Sun Yat-sen becomes president
Hopes to establish govt. based
on the three principles of the people
1. Nationalism
2. Democracy
3. People’s Livelihood
Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)
Chapter 25, Section
Era of the Warlords (19161926)
Local concentrations of power
emerge
military leaders & local
gentry take control of the provinces
Warlord armies terrorize the countrys
Millions of peasants die of famine
& disease.
Peasants’ desire for land went
unresolved; landless grew
Chapter 25, Section
Warlords (1913-28)
Chapter 25, Section
World War I--Asia
Japan:
•Seeking a foothold in China
•1917-China aides allies vs.
Germany
•1919 Treaty of Versailles:
•Japan gains territory &
privileges previously belonging
to Germany in China.
•Result: May Fourth Movement
Chapter 25, Section
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
• All German privileges in China’s
Shandong Peninsula were
“transferred” to Japan
Chapter 25, Section
May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919
students protest in Peking.
slogan: ‘Down with the
Imperialists’
becomes a nationalist
movement:
1. Spreads to other cities
2. Nationalism & anti-imperialist
sentiment grow.
Chapter 25, Section
May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919
Outcome:
Create broad based
coalition.
Force
release of imprisoned
students
dismissal of Japanese
officials from govt.
reformers turn against Sun
Yat-sen’s belief in western
democracy.
Chapter 25, Section
New political parties
• Nationalist Party (GMD) was established
– Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925
– Chiang Kai-Shek was the military leader
• Communist Party was established in 1921
– Mao ZeDong was one of its founding
members
Chapter 25, Section
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek
Chairman Mao Zedong
Chapter 25, Section
Why is 1911 a significant year for China?
Who was Dr. Sun Yat-sen?
Why/how did the May 4th (1919) Movement
begin?
Who was the leader of KMT/GMD or
Nationalist Party?
Who was the leader of the Communist
Party?
Who do you think won the Civil War?