Download Notes 2: Periodic Table

UNDERSTANDING
ELEMENTS
• MANY ELEMENTS EXIST AND ARE STABLE AS
PURE ELEMENTS IN NATURE.
• THEREFORE SOME (BUT NOT MOST) OF THE
MATTER YOU HAVE EXPERIENCED IS IN PURE
ELEMENT FORM.
•
E.G. HELIUM IN A BALLOON, COPPER
PENNIES, CARBON – GRAPHITE PENCIL
LEAD.
• THERE ARE 92 NATURALLY OCCURRING
ELEMENTS AND INCLUDING ELEMENTS THAT
HAVE BEEN MADE IN A LAB THERE ARE A
TOTAL OF
118.
UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTS
• THE PERIODIC TABLE
ORGANIZES ALL KNOWN
ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO
THEIR NUMBER OF PROTONS.
• THE UNIQUE SHAPE OF THE
TABLE REVEALS THE WAYS IN
WHICH THE ELECTRONS ARE
ORGANIZED AROUND THE
ATOM IN ENERGY LEVELS.
UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTS
• THE STRUCTURE OF AN ELEMENT
(ESPECIALLY THE NUMBER OF PROTONS
AND THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS) WILL
All oxygen atoms
have 8 protons
All hydrogen atoms
have 1 proton
DETERMINE THE PROPERTIES OF THE
ELEMENT (HOW IT WILL APPEAR, HOW
IT WILL ACT, ETC.)
• EACH ELEMENT
HAS ITS OWN UNIQUE
ATOMIC NUMBER IDENTIFYING IT.
• HYDROGEN HAS AN ATOMIC NUMBER
OF 1 INDICATING THAT EVERY ATOM
OF HYDROGEN HAS 1 PROTON IN ITS
NUCLEUS.
• GOLD HAS AN ATOMIC NUMBER OF
79 INDICATING THAT EVERY ATOM OF
GOLD HAS 79 PROTONS IN ITS
NUCLEUS.
All Gold (Au) atoms
have 79 protons
UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTS
• SAMPLES OF MOST PURE
ELEMENTS ARE MADE UP OF
COLLECTIONS OF SINGLE
ATOMS
•
SOME ARE MADE UP OF MULTIPLE
ATOMS BONDED TOGETHER
CALLED MOLECULES.
• EXAMPLES: DIATOMIC GASES
O2 , H 2 , N 2
• SULFUR S8
Oxygen O2
molecules
Sulfur S8
molecules
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
• THE SECTIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE
ORGANIZED USING THE FOLLOWING
TERMS.
• THE ROWS OF ELEMENTS ARE KNOWN AS
THE PERIODS.
• THE COLUMNS OF ELEMENTS ARE KNOWN
AS GROUPS
• THERE ARE A FEW GROUPS OF COLUMNS
THAT ARE KNOWN AS BLOCKS.
PERIODS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
• THE HORIZONTAL ROWS OF THE
PERIODIC TABLE ARE THE PERIODS.
• COLOR THE PERIODS ON YOUR
PAGE USING THE PICTURE AS A
GUIDE.
• THERE ARE SEVEN PERIODS FROM
TOP TO BOTTOM ON THE TABLE
• FROM LEFT TO RIGHT THE
ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED BY
THEIR ATOMIC NUMBER.
GROUPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
• THE VERTICAL
COLUMNS ON THE
PERIODIC TABLE ARE CALLED
GROUPS
• COLOR THE COLUMNS ON THE
PERIODIC TABLE USING THE DIGRAM
AS A GUIDE.
• THERE ARE 18 GROUPS IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
• ELEMENTS THAT ARE IN THE SAME
GROUP HAVE SIMILAR CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
TYPES OF GROUPS
• INERT (NOBLE) GASES - GROUP 18
• HAVE A FULL SET OF OUTER ELECTRONS
• ALMOST NEVER FORM COMPOUNDS
• HELIUM (HE), NEON (NE), ARGON (AR),
KRYPTON (KR), XENON (XE), RADON
(RN)
• COLOR THE NOBLE GASES RED
TYPES OF GROUPS - METALS
• METALS MAKE UP 75% OF ALL
ELEMENTS
• SOME OF THE GROUPS HAVE
THEIR OWN NAMES LIKE ALKALI
METALS, ALKALINE EARTH METALS
AND TRANSITION METALS.
• MANY HAVE HIGH REACTIVITY
LIKE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM.
• METALS MAKE ALLOYS (MIXTURE
OF METALS E.G. CHROME,
BRONZE, STEEL)
TYPES OF GROUPS - METALS
• DARKEN THE STAIRSTEP
THAT SEPARATES THE
METALS FROM NONMETALS ON THE
PERIODIC TABLE
• COLOR THE METALS
YELLOW.
• COLOR THE
NONMETALS GREEN
• COLOR THE
SEMIMETALS ORANGE