Download Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer
Statistics of prostate cancer
Incidence
Prostate- 32%
Lung – 16%
Mortality
Lung- 33%
Prostate 13%
Statistics of prostate cancer
Association with race :
Most common in African-Americans
Common in Caucasians
Less common in Asians
Risk factors of prostate cancer




Advanced age
Positive family history
Environmental influence
Smoking
Male/ female genital homologues
Male
Prostate
Female
Urethral glands
Paraurethral glands
Anatomy of prostate
 Transmits the prostatic urethra
 Secretions enter the urethra through
minute ducts
 Blood comes from the internal iliac
artery
 Lymph drains to internal iliac nodes
 The prostatic venous plexus
communicates with the vertebral
venous plexus
Histology of prostate
 It is an aggregation of 30-50 small
branched tubuloalveolar glands
 Most of cancer are adenocarcinomas
a) well differentiated;
b) poorly differentiated;
c) non-differentiated.
Physiology of prostate
Prostatic secretion is rich in:
1) Citric acid;
2) Lipids;
3) Zinc;
4) Acid phosphatase activity
Physiology of prostate
Androgens
 Testosterone
 DHT
 Androstenedion
Diagnoses of prostate cancer




Elevated PSA (more than 10ng/ml)
DRE
Biopsy
Gleason histological system
Classification of prostate cancer
TNM system (plus m)
T1 – lesion inside the glandule
T2 – lesion deforms the shape of
prostate
T3 – lesion extends outside the glandule
T4 – lesion extends into the other
organs
N1 – N4
Clinical features of prostate cancer




Urinary retention
Lymphedema
Back pain
Weight loss
Clinical features of prostate cancer





BPH
Prostate sclerosis
Chronic prostatitis
Tuberculosis
Prostate stones
High-yield facts
An elderly man with osteoblastic
metastases visible on X-ray should be
considered to have prostate
carcinoma until proven otherwise
Treatment of prostate cancer
 Radical prostatectomy
 Radiation therapy
 Androgen ablation
a) GnRH agonists
b) orchiectomy/ flutamide
c) chemotherapy
Prevention of prostate cancer
Annual DRE after the age of 50 is the
current screening method for prostate
cancer
Prognosis of prostate cancer
After-treatment survival rate
3 years
62%
5 years
51%
10 years 30%