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Potter: Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing, 4th Edition
Chapter 22: Developmental Theories
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The nurse who wants to apply a theory that relates to moral development should read more
about the theory established by which of the following theorists?
a. Kohlberg
b. Piaget
c. Freud
d. Erikson
ANS: A
Kohlberg developed a theory on moral development.
Piaget developed a theory on cognitive development.
Freud developed a theory on psychosexual development.
Erikson developed a theory on psychosocial development.
DIF: Knowledge
REF: 317–318
2. The nurse who uses Erikson’s theory to assess a 20-year-old client’s developmental status
expects to find which of the following behaviours?
a. Coping with physical and social losses
b. Enjoyment of a sense of freedom and participation in the community
c. Applying oneself to learning productive skills
d. Overcoming a sense of guilt or frustration
ANS: B
According to Erikson, the young adult is in the intimacy versus isolation stage of
development. This is the time in which the young adult can become fully participative in
the community, enjoying adult freedom and responsibility.
Coping with physical and social losses is found in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage
(old age) of development.
Applying oneself to learning productive skills is consistent behaviour found in Erikson’s
industry versus inferiority stage (ages 6 to 11 years) of development.
According to Erikson, overcoming a sense of guilt or frustration takes place in the initiative
versus guilt stage (ages 3 to 6 years) of development.
DIF: Application
REF: 321 (Table 22-5)
3. The nurse recognizes that Freud’s theory approaches development by looking at which one
of the following?
a. Cognitive development
b. Moral reasoning
c. Logical maturity
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Test Bank
22-2
d. Psychosexual aspects
ANS: D
Freud’s theory of personality development approaches development by looking at
psychosexual aspects.
Piaget’s theory approaches development by looking at cognitive development.
Kohlberg’s theory approaches development by looking at moral reasoning.
Gould’s theory approaches development by looking at logical maturity.
DIF: Knowledge
REF: 318
4. The nurse working in a pediatric clinic uses Piaget’s theory for assessment of her clients’
developmental status. According to Piaget, a preschool child (3 to 5 years old) who comes
to the clinic is expected by the nurse to exhibit which of the following behaviours?
a. Exploration of the environment
b. Thinking with the use of symbols and images
c. Cooperation and sharing
d. Organization of thoughts and far-reaching problem solving
ANS: B
According to Piaget, the preoperational child (ages 2 to 7 years) is learning to think with
the use of symbols and mental images.
According to Piaget, the child explores the environment in the sensorimotor stage (birth to
2 years) of cognitive development.
Cooperation and sharing are seen in Piaget’s concrete operations stage (ages 7 to 11 years)
of cognitive development.
Organization of thoughts and far-reaching problem solving are noted in Piaget’s formal
operations stage (ages 11 years to adulthood) of cognitive development.
DIF: Analysis
REF: 317 (Table 22-2)
5. The nurse working in an assisted-living facility, who has done a lot of reading on the
developmental changes associated with older adults, knows that which of the following is a
common behavioural task or critical event for the older adult client?
a. Selecting a mate
b. Rearing children
c. Finding a congenial social group
d. Adjusting to decreasing physical strength
ANS: D
A common behavioural task of the older adult client is adjusting to decreasing physical
strength.
Selecting a mate is a developmental task commonly seen in the early adult.
Rearing children is a developmental task of the middle–early adult.
Finding a congenial social group is a developmental task of the middle–early adult.
DIF: Knowledge
REF: 323
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd.
Test Bank
22-3
6. The nurse working in an adult medical clinic wishes to learn more about a developmental
theory that focuses on the adult years. The nurse investigates different possibilities and
selects the theory proposed by which of the following theorists?
a. Gould
b. Piaget
c. Freud
d. Chess and Thomas
ANS: A
Gould’s theory of psychosocial development specifically focuses on the adult years.
Piaget’s theory focuses on cognitive development throughout the lifespan.
Freud’s psychosexual theory focuses on personality development throughout the lifespan.
Chess and Thomas’s theory focuses on development from childhood to early adulthood.
DIF: Application
REF: 323
7. It is important for the nurse to have knowledge of the principles of growth and
development to better understand the behaviours and responses of clients from different
age groups. The nurse recognizes that which one of the following statements about growth
and development is correct?
a. Development ends with adolescence.
b. Growth refers to qualitative events.
c. Developmental tasks are age-related achievements.
d. Cognitive theories focus on emotional development.
ANS: C
“Developmental tasks are age-related achievements” is a correct statement about growth
and development.
Human growth and development are orderly, predictable processes beginning with
conception and continuing until death.
Growth refers to quantitative events; development refers to qualitative events.
Cognitive theories focus on reasoning and thinking processes.
DIF: Knowledge
REF: 323
8. In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, an individual who reaches level II, the
conventional level, is expected to exhibit which one of the following?
a. Absolute obedience to authority
b. Reasoning based on personal gain
c. Personal internalization of others’ expectations
d. Self-chosen ethical principles, universality, and impartiality
ANS: C
At level II, the conventional level, the person sees moral reasoning based on his or her own
personal internalization of societal and others’ expectations.
In stage 1, the child’s response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to
authority and rules.
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd.
Test Bank
22-4
At level I, the preconventional level, the person reflects on moral reasoning based on
personal gain.
In stage 6, according to Kohlberg, a person has self-chosen ethical principles, universality,
and impartiality.
DIF: Comprehension
REF: 319 (Table 22-3)
9. According to Piaget, which one of the following characterizes the infant in the first period
of development?
a. Sensorimotor intelligence
b. Concrete operations
c. Identity versus role confusion
d. Preoperational thought
ANS: A
According to Piaget, the infant is in the first period of development, which is characterized
by sensorimotor intelligence.
According to Piaget, children aged 7 to 11 years are in the concrete operations period of
development, which is characterized by having the ability to perform mental operations.
Identity versus role confusion is a developmental stage (puberty), according to Erikson.
According to Piaget, children aged 2 to 7 years are in the preoperational period of
development, which is characterized by the child learning to think with the use of symbols
and mental images.
DIF: Knowledge
REF: 317 (Table 22-2)
10. The nurse in a pediatric health care setting is using Piaget as a developmental model for
client assessment. According to Piaget, during which of the following developmental
stages does the child understand the concept of ice becoming water?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operations
d. Formal operations
ANS: C
During Piaget’s concrete operations stage of cognitive development, the child is able to
understand that objects or quantities remain the same despite a change in their physical
appearance, such as when ice becomes water.
During Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, the child is exploring the
environment, but is unable to understand the concept of ice becoming water.
During Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development, the child is learning to
think with the use of symbols and mental images but is unable to understand the concept of
ice becoming water.
According to Piaget’s formal operations stage of cognitive development, the individual’s
thinking moves to abstract and theoretical subjects.
DIF: Comprehension
REF: 317 (Table 22-2)
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd.
Test Bank
22-5
11. The nurse in a pediatric health care setting is using Kohlberg’s developmental theory for
client assessment. A child evaluated as having reached level I, the preconventional level,
does which of the following?
a. Makes sure not to be late for school
b. Cleans the blackboards after school for the teacher
c. Runs for school council to change policies
d. Stays away from gangs at school that harass other children
ANS: A
According to Kohlberg’s developmental theory of moral development, at level I, the
preconventional level, the child’s reasoning is based on personal gain. The moral reason
for acting relates to the consequences the person believes will occur. The child who makes
sure not to be late for school may do so out of fear of punishment.
Cleaning the blackboards after school for the teacher is an example of Kohlberg’s stage 3,
good boy–nice girl orientation. The child desires to win the teacher’s approval.
Running for school council to change policies is an example of Kohlberg’s stage 5, social
contract orientation.
Staying away from school gangs that harass other children is an example of Kohlberg’s
stage 4, society-maintaining orientation.
DIF: Comprehension
REF: 319 (Table 22-3)
12. In applying Gould’s developmental theory, the nurse anticipates that clients will have a
greater concern for their health within which theme and age group?
a. First theme (20s)
b. Second theme (early 30s)
c. Fourth theme (40s)
d. Fifth theme (50s)
ANS: D
During the fifth theme (50s), Gould finds a realization of mortality with a concern for one’s
state of health.
During the first theme (20s), Gould finds individuals wanting to get away from their
parents.
During the second theme (30s), Gould finds young adults working to accept who they are
and to accept their growing children as being unique and separate.
During the fourth theme (40s), Gould finds resignation and the belief that possibilities are
limited.
DIF: Knowledge
REF: 323
13. The nurse is working with the parents of a newborn. The mother requires surgery and the
follow-up treatment will interfere with bonding. In applying Freud’s theory, the nurse
recognizes that which of the following stages of the child’s development will be affected?
a. Oral stage
b. Anal stage
c. Phallic stage
d. Latent stage
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd.
Test Bank
22-6
ANS: A
According to Freud, disruption in the physical or emotional availability of the parent for
the newborn (e.g., undergoing surgery) will affect the oral stage of development.
According to Freud, the anal stage is from ages 12 to 18 months to 3 years, when the child
is undergoing toilet training.
According to Freud, the phallic stage is from ages 3 to 6 years, when the child becomes
interested in the genital organs.
According to Freud, the latent stage is from ages 6 to 12 years, when the child represses
sexual urges and channels them into productive activities that are socially acceptable.
DIF: Knowledge
REF: 320 (Table 22-4)
14. The nurse interacts primarily with middle adult clients in the physician’s office, and
applies Erikson’s developmental theory to determine the stages of the clients who are seen.
In which of the following processes, according to Erikson’s theory, will the nurse expect
middle adults to be involved?
a. Developing a sense of identity
b. Searching for meaning in life
c. Enhancing one’s capability to love others
d. Expanding personal and social involvement
ANS: D
In accordance with Erikson’s theory, the middle adult client is involved in the process of
expanding personal and social involvement. Middle-aged adults should be able to see
beyond their own needs and accomplishments to the needs of society.
Developing a sense of identity is in accordance with Erikson’s identity versus role
confusion (puberty) stage of development.
Searching for meaning in life is in accordance with Erikson’s integrity versus despair (old
age) stage of development.
Enhancing one’s capability to love others is in accordance with Erikson’s intimacy versus
isolation (young adult) stage of development.
DIF: Knowledge
REF: 321 (Table 22-5)
15. Which of the following client statements made by an older adult best reflects an
understanding of the decrease in physical strength and stamina in this developmental
stage?
a. “I know I’m not as young as I used to be.”
b. “I just hire help for jobs I can’t do myself.”
c. “When you get older, you can’t do as much. That’s life.”
d. “I have to ask my son for help with the yard work.”
ANS: B
A common behavioural task of the older adult client is adjusting to decreasing physical
strength. The statement “I just hire help for jobs I can’t do myself” reflects the best
adjustment because the client has developed a plan for coping.
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd.
Test Bank
22-7
The statement “I know I’m not as young as I used to be” does not address the issue of the
client having a healthy acceptance or adjustment to a decrease in physical strength or
stamina.
The statement “When you get older, you can’t do as much. That’s life” does not address the
issue of the client having a healthy acceptance or adjustment to a decrease in physical
strength or stamina.
The statement “I have to ask my son for help with the yard work” does not address the issue
of the client having a healthy acceptance or adjustment to a decrease in physical strength or
stamina.
DIF: Analysis
REF: 323
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd.