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Main Ideas Outline - Chapter 1
Native American Cultures
Civilizations in South
Maya, Aztec, Inca - Empires
Agriculture
Technology – Cities, Government Org, Agriculture and Trade
Civilizations in North
Complex and varied civilizations
Subsisted on Hunting, Gathering, Fishing
Dwellings, cities (Cahokia, Mesa Verde)
Mound Building
Cultural differences (social, political, economic)
Agricultural Revolution
Transformation from nomadic to sedentary
Population Growth
Permanent shelters
More time – Develop culture (religion, language)
Bonds with natural world – center of lifestyle, religion
Social and labor divisions
Europeans
Middle Ages (500-1500)
Fall of Roman Empire – Lost knowledge (Dark Ages)
Feudalism, Fiefdoms, Roman Catholic Church, Plague, War
Renaissance (1450-1550)
Population Growth
Rise in property values – demand (Nobles wealthy- rents)
Demand for new products and markets
Reawakening of commerce – New merchant class arise (Crusades)
Advancement in technology – ships, instruments, maps, navigation
New United and powerful governments (centralization)
New stronger monarchs – stand up to pope
Great wealth and power
Professional armies, tax collection, court systems
Nobility weakened
Demand for greater sources of commerce and markets
European Societies of the 1400s
Social Hierarchy
Ranked by class
Ruled by nobles, landowners and clergy
Lowest order comprised by peasants and field laborers
Nobility offered peasants land and protection
Peasants supplied labor, crops, livestock, and military service
Little social mobility
Exception was artisans and merchants
Made money for selves and tax revenue for monarchs
Taxes help fund exploration of new world
Christianity Shapes the European Outlook
Roman Catholic Church is dominate institution in Western Europe
Pope and Bishops held great political and spiritual authority
Priests convey church’s interpretation of God to the people
Christians encouraged to convert people of other faiths
Muslims founded in 600s posed a political challenge to the
Catholic Church
Muslims by 732 controlled region from Indus River to Morocco
including Iberian Peninsula
Christians launch crusades (holy wars) to liberate lands in Muslim hands
(1096-1270)
Crusades fail to rescue Holy Land (Jerusalem)
Crusades spark trade
Crusades weaken the power of European nobles
Crusades reduced prestige of pope and power of the Catholic
Church
Reformation (1500s) was a movement to reform Catholic Church
Divided Europe between Catholicism and Protestantism
Commerce Expands and Nations Rise
Crusades open up Asia to trade (cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and pepper)
Spices important to disguise taste of rotten meat
Modern business institutions arise in Italy, International Banking
Houses and Corporations
Joint Stock Companies financed colonial expeditions to the
Americas
During the 1400s population and wealth grew in Europe
Four major nations began to emerge: Portugal, Spain, France and
England
They became powerful by collecting new taxes, raising professional
armies, and forming stronger central governments.
Merchants paid taxes in exchange for protection and expansion of
trade
In 1300s nobles began investing in weaponry (cannons, crossbows,
firearms)
Limited power of independent nobles and gave advantage over Africans
and Native Americans
Monarchs expanded trade and empire to pay for large armies and
bureaucracies
The Renaissance Spirit Takes Hold
Rebirth
Starts in Italy, stimulated by commercial contact with Asia and Africa
Rediscovered classical works
Studies Islamic scholars
Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created lasting works of art (religious themes)
Realistic depictions of life
Inventions
Encouraged people to become more individualistic
Desire to become famous or rich
Spread of Renaissance culture helped by Johann Gutenberg’s Printing Press in 1450
Books easier and cheaper to produce
First books include Bible and Marco Polo’s “Journeys”
Europe Enters New Age of Expansion
European interest in expansion starts with Marco Polo’s journey to China in 1200s
Polo’s book in 1477 inspires imagination
Polo traveled overland taking 14 years
Europeans seek easier overseas route to East
Mapmaking revived from 2nd Century Ptolemy
Sailing Technology Improves
European captains in the 1400s experiment with the compass and astrolabe
Helped sailors plot direction at sea
Prince Henry of Portugal established school to train sailors
Sent captains to sail around West Coast of Africa
Bartolomeu Dias rounded southern tip of Africa in 1488
Vasco de Gama reached India in 1498
Portuguese trades cut costs and increased profits
Cartographers redrew map of the known world
Christopher Columbus believed there was a shorter route-sailing west.
“What is Culture”
Outcomes when cultures meet (Coexistence, War, Assimilation)
Age of Exploration (1450- 1600)
Crusades – Reopen trade with Islamic Middle East
Exotics of Middle East
Marco Polo (121) – Journeys (1477)
Exotics of Asia and East (spices, fabrics, dyes, gold)
Islamic / Mongol control of Eastern trade routes
Need for sea route east
Henry the Navigator – Portugal
Fighting Moors in Africa (Est. Christian Empire)
Gold to finance wars
Library / School of navigation
Expeditions
Farther south around West Africa – Surveying – Mapping
Bartolomeu Dias (1486) – Rounds tip of Africa
Vasco de Gama (1498) – India
Cabral (1500) – Brazil (accident)
Columbus
Genoa, Italy
Sailing for Portuguese
Sail west to Asia (Atlantic narrow, world smaller)
Spanish patronage (Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile)
Strongest monarchs in Europe
Centralized government
Demonstrate strength
First Voyage (1492)
Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria (Aug.)
Ten weeks at sea – San Salvador
Thought in China – similarities in geography
Claims land for Spain (Both continents)
Taino - “Indians”
Returns to Spain with captured natives, tales of gold
Admiral of the Ocean Sea – 10% of all treasure
Second Voyage (1493)
Larger expedition
Soldiers, Priests, Orders from crown
Small colony on Hispaniola
Third Voyage (1498)
Reach main land (Northern Coast of South America)
Realized he was not in Asia
Still believed he was in Far East (until death)
Fourth Voyage (1502)
Mexico, Latin America
Columbus dies in obscurity - Amerigo Vespucci – “America”
Wealth from Columbus’ expeditions finances others
Spain replaces Portugal as leader in exploration
Balboa – Pacific Ocean (1513)
Magellan- Cross Pacific , circumvent globe (1522)
Consequential voyages explore west and east coast to Canada, So Am.
Spanish in the New World
Spanish Pattern of Conquest (Coexistence, War, Assimilation)
Columbus’ Second Voyage
Spanish Mission – Gold, God, Glory
Realize wealth on New World rivals Asia
Claim all for themselves (treaty of Tordesillas)
Enslavement, Cruelty and Search for Gold
Barolomeo de las Casas – “History of the Indies”
“European World View”
Conquistadores (Subjegation and Extermination)
Hernando Cortes (1518)
600 soldiers, horses, weapons, dogs of war, disease
Conquest of Aztec Empire (Tenochitlan)
Montezuma’s Gold
First assault fails – Montezuma assassinated by Aztecs
Unleashed Small Pox – God’s will
Second assault successful – Native allies
Silver discovered in Mexico
Francisco Pizzarro (1532)
Conquers Incas in Peru
Mines of Potosi
Hernando de Soto (1539)
Florida and Gulf Coast (Mississippi River)
Francisco Coronado (1540)
Southwest United States
Cities of Gold
Stages of Spanish Conquest in Americas
First (1492- 1520) – Discovery (coexistence)
Second (1520-1570) – Conquest (war)
Third (1570 – 1700) – Settlement / Colonization (assimilation)
Ordinances of Discovery – Banned brutal military conquests
Introduction of Spanish (European) Culture
Priests – Conversion (Mission System)
Presidios – Forts to protect and establish governments
Encomiendas – Extraction of labor and tribute (Fuedalism)
Farming, Mining, Trade, Ranchos (Feed Spanish)
Permanent US Spanish settlements – St. Augustine (1565), Sante Fe (1609)
Native Resistance
Pueblo Revolt (1680)
Assimilation of natives – still relied on own customs, religions
Pope led revolt – Forced Spanish out (12 years)
Spanish return and crush revolt, resistance
Spanish loosen labor restrictions, intermarry, baptize, educate
Cultures merge (Mestizo)
Spanish Empire (1580s-)
Vast wealth (10x more than other European Nations)
Control and assimilation of vast empire
Centralized control by monarchy – little autonomy for colonies
Regulation of trade and commerce (taxes)
All trade from central ports in New World to Seville
Encouraged Pirates (British)
Stifled trade and economic development
Extraction vs. permanent settlements (agriculture)
Rule by proxy not by population
Effects of European Contact
Disease (Influenza, Typhus, Measles, Chicken Pox, Mumps, Small Pox-Livestock)
Depopulation (95%)
Extermination and Subjugation – “Savages”, Posed threat to European control
More advanced than Europeans willing to admit
Destruction of Culture – Destruction of cities, records, temples, political and
social structures, Lost knowledge due to death of elders, assimilation
Columbian Exchange- Importation of livestock, crops, metal tools, weapons
Disease, horses and slaves
Exportation of precious metals, crops, slaves
Agricultural Revolution in Europe
Adaptation by Native Americans and Europeans of best practices
Social Structure – Intermarriage (labor, lack of native men, alliances)
Labor Systems – Natives dead or weak – importation of African Slaves
West African Slave trade
Further Cultural Introductions (rice, religion, language, social patterns)
Labor Intensive Crops - Sugar Cane, Rice, Cotton
Portuguese-Spanish-Dutch-English (Order as masters of Slave Trade)
“Indian’s New World”
The Arrival of the English
First contact with New World – John Cabot (1497)
Expedition sponsored by King Henry VII
Search for a Northwest Passage
Travel west through New World to China
English travels remain expeditionary survey parties
English Reasons for settlement in the New World
Thomas More’s Utopia (1516) – Social, Political, Economic Critique
Better life in the colonies
Fresh Start
Perfect Society (No flaws or inequalities of the Old World)
Nature of Tudorian England
European Wars
Religious Strife (Reformation)
Economic Transformation (Enclosure Movement)
Wool Production – displaces farmers
Population Growth
Rising Merchant Class – Created domestic and foreign cloth industry
Charter Companies
Monopoly on trade of particular good or in a particular region
Mercantilism (State sponsored commerce)
Nation as a whole not individuals principle actors in economy
Overseas exploration (Paid for by taxes)
Goal = increase nation’s wealth
Fosters competition among nations – One nation’s gain was
another’s loss
Create demand for exports while limiting the numbers of imports
Gold reserves – Monetary policies in Europe
Wool Market in Netherlands collapse (1550)
Colonies
Ready markets for imports, Suppliers of raw materials
Alleviate poverty and over population
Less reliance on foreign countries (Less need to rely on international
markets and resources)
Increase control of new territories with less cost than army (Settlement)
Religious Incentive
Luther’s Reformation (1517)
Challenge to Roman Catholic Church- Reform
Bible the voice of God – not Popes and clergy
Faith alone necessary for salvation (Good Works)
John Calvin (Calvinism)
Predestination – Determined by God before birth
Salvation can not be altered
People’s lives indicated whether they were saved or not
Ruthless and useless existence = Damnation
Success, diligence = Signs of Grace
Led to followers striving to lead productive lives
Huguenots – France, Puritans - England
English Reformation
King Henry VIII – Divorce from Catherine of Aragon (1529)
Pope refuses (doctrine of Church and aunt of Charles V)
Formed Anglican Church –Act of Supremacy (1532)
Mary I
Catholic resurgence – Protestants flee England
“Bloody Mary”
Pilgrims to Holland
Elizabeth I
Re-severed relationship with Catholic Church (Spain)
Thirty Years War – Spanish Netherlands, Armada
Protestant sects felt reforms were not pure enough
Puritan Separatists
Practice own religion despite English Law
James I of Scotland (Stuart Dynasty)
Divine Right
Rejects any and all opposition
Puritans question practice of favoritism toward Catholics
King supported rituals and practices of “High Mass”
English Pattern of Colonization
Irish Precedent (1560s -1570s)
Tried at first to conquer and subdue native populations
Mostly Catholic (Pagan infusion)
Gaelic Culture and Language
Barbaric “savages” according to English
Could or should not be assimilated into English culture (too crude)
Must therefore be suppressed, isolated or destroyed -Rebellions
Sirs Greenville, Raleigh, Gilbert
Led to Pattern of colonization
Assumption that English settlers could not assimilate “savages”
Must remain separate
Transplant English society on native soil (Plantation Models)
Pale of Settlement-Area physically removed from Natives
First English Settlements
Roanoke (1585) Jamestown (1607)
Rise of nationalism- Elizabeth I
Expansion of Empire
Rivalry with Spain – Europe and Americas (Dominant military and naval power)
Thirty Years War – Holy Roman Emperor Philip II
Portugal now part of Spain
Sea Dogs – pirates in state employ
Challenge supremacy of Spanish ships
Sir Francis Drake
Philip II and the Spanish Armada – Invasion of England (1588)
End English interference in Netherlands, Catholicism
Spanish dominance of Atlantic / New World ended
Colonization
Gilbert - Newfoundland 1583(Ships sank)
Raleigh – Colony of Virginia 1585 (Virgin Queen)
Roanoke (NC) 1587
Families sent to set up “plantation”
Virginia Dare White
John White – leader sent to England for supplies
Delayed by Thirty Years War (3 years)
Island deserted - “Croatoan”
James I (1609)
Divides New World into two Charters
London Company –South
Plymouth Company- North
French Model
Rivals with the English (Spanish preoccupied in Mexico)
Quebec (1608)
Traveled to the interior (rivers, lakes) – English hug coast
Forged close direct trading ties with the Native Americans
Coureurs De Bois – Fur Trappers and Traders
Living with and intermarrying with Natives
Jesuit Missionaries
Trade and Military post – no real permanent settlement – Montreal, Detroit, etc.
Alliances – Algonquin (rivalries with Iroquois)
Dutch Model
Won independence from Spain – Thirty Years War (Holland, Belguim)
Europe’ leading trading nation –Shift from Med. Sea to Atlantic
New York – Henry Hudson (1609)
Trade, partnerships with Native populations
Dutch West India Company (1624)
Permanent trading posts along rivers
Granted large feudal estates to landlords (patroons)
Encouraged and paid for immigration to New Netherland
Families were primary unit of immigration