Download Chapter 6 study guide

STUDY GUIDE
I. Matching
A. Cardiac
B. Smooth
C. Skeletal
___1. Involuntary
___2. Banded appearance ___3.
___4. Dense connective tissue packaging
___5.
___6. Coordinated activity to act as a pump
___7.
___8. Referred to as the muscular system
___9.
Longitudinally and circularly arranged layers
Figure-8 packaging of the cells
Moves bones and the facial skin
Voluntary
II. Neatly sketch a diagram that illustrates the differences and similarities between cardiac an smooth muscles.
III. Circle the term that does not belong with the others and explain your reasoning.
10. Urine
Foodstuffs
Bones
Smooth muscle
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. Heart
Cardiac muscle Blood pump
Promotes labor during birth
_____________________________________________________________________________
12. Excitability
Response to a stimulus
Contractility
Action potential
_____________________________________________________________________________
13. Ability to shorten
Contractility
Pulls on bones
Stretchability
_____________________________________________________________________________
14. Maintains posture
Movement
Promotes growth Generates heat
_____________________________________________________________________________
IV. A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called a _______________________. The axon of each
motor neuron has numerous endings called __________________________. The actual gap between an axonal ending
and the muscle cell is called a _________________________. Within the axonal endings are many small vesicles
containing a neurotransmitter substance called _______________________________. When the
____________________________ reaches the ends of the axon, the neurotransmitter is released, and it diffuses to the
muscle cell membrane to combine with receptors there. Binding of the neurotransmitters with muscle membrane
receptors causes the membrane to become permeable to sodium, resulting in the influx of sodium ions and
__________________________ of the membrane. Then contraction of the muscle cell occurs.
V. Put the events below in order.
___15. Acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction by the axonal terminal.
___16. The action potential, carried deep into the cell, causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions.
___17. The muscle cell relaxes and lengthens.
___18. Acetylcholine diffuses across the neuromuscular junction and bionds to receptors on the sarcolemma.
___19. The calcium ion concentration at the myofilaments increases: the myofilaments slide past one another, and the cell
shortens.
___20. Depolarization occurs, and the action potential is generated.
___21. As calcium is actively reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its concentration at the myofilaments decreases.
VI. The following incomplete statements refer to a muscle cell in the resting, or polarized, state just before stimulation.
Complete each statement by choosing the correct response from the key choices and entering the appropriate letter in the
answer blanks in the paragraph on the back of this page.
A. Na+ diffuses out of the cell
G. Relative ionic concentrations on the 2 sides of the membrane during rest
B. K+ diffuses out of the cell
H. Electrical conditions
C. Na+ diffuses into the cell
I. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump, which moves K+ into the cell and
D. K+ diffuses into the cell
Na+ out of the cell
E. Inside the cell
J. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump, which moves Na+ into the cell and
K+ out of the cell
F. Outside the cell
There is a greater concentration of Na+ ____, and there is a greater concentration of K + ____. When the
stimulus is delivered, the permeability of the membrane is changed, and ____, initiating the depolarization of the membrane.
Almost as soon as the depolarization wave begins, a repolarization wave follows it across the membrane. This occurs as
____. Repolarization restores the ____ of the resting cell membrane. The ____ is (are) reestablished by ____.
VII. Matching
A. Fatigue
B. Isotonic contraction
C. Muscle cell
D. Muscle tone
E. Isometric contraction
F. Whole muscle
G. Tetanus
H. Few motor units
I. Many motor units
J. Repolarization
K. Depolarization
___23. A continuous contraction that shows no evidence of relaxation.
___24. A contraction in which the muscle shortens and work is done.
___25. Stimulated at a rapid rate to accomplish a strong contraction.
___26. Stimulated at a rapid rate when a weak but smooth muscle contraction is desired
___27. When a muscle is being stimulated but is not able to respond due to “oxygen debt”
___28. A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but tension in the muscle keeps increasing
VIII. A. Coupled reaction of CP and ADP
___29.
___30.
___31.
___32.
___33.
___34.
___35.
___36.
___37.
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Aerobic respiration
Accompanied by lactic acid formation
Supplies the highest ATP yield per glucose molecule
Involves the simple transfer of a phosphate group
Requires no oxygen
The slowest ATP regeneration process
Produces carbon dioxide and water
The energy mechanism used in the second hour of running in a marathon
Used when the oxygen supply is inadequate over time
Good for a sprint
IX. Describe how you can tell when you are repaying the oxygen debt.
X. Put a check beside the events that occur in a muscle cell during oxygen debt.
___38. Decreased ATP
___41. Decreased oxygen
___44. Increased carbon dioxide
___39. Increased ATP
___42. Increased oxygen
___45. Increased glucose
___40. Increased lactic acid
___43. Decreased carbon dioxide
XI. Which one doesn’t belong? Tell why.
44. muscle pairs
push
pull
opposite directions ________________________________________________
45. prime mover
antagonist
synergist
fixators
________________________________________________
46. stabilize joints
synergists
fingers and wrist
stabilize the origin ________________________________
47. origin
immovable
humerus
insertion
brachialis __________________________________________
XII. A. Action of the muscle
B. Shape of the muscle C. Location of the muscle’s origin and/or insertion
D. Number of origins E. Location of muscle relative to a bone or body region
F. Direction in which the muscle fibers run relative to some imaginary line G. relative size of muscle
___54.
___55.
___56.
___57.
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Biceps femoris
Abdominis transversus
___58.
___59.
___60.
___61.
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Trapezius
Rectus femoris
External oblique
XIII
62. What must happen before babies can control their muscles?
63. What is the cause of muscular dystrophy?
64. What happens to muscles when a person has muscular dystrophy?
65. ________________________________ is almost exclusively diagnosed in boys between ages ___ and ____.
66. Describe the progression of the symptoms of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy.
67. _______________________________ is an muscular disease that affects eyelids, swallowing and talking.
68. By age 80, muscle strength is likely to have declined by ______%